Web of Teachers: Inderscience Research is an international journal which publishes the research related to the teachers, teaching, teacher education and educational practices in perspective of international standards and context. The journal focuses on early childhood through high school (secondary education), teacher preparation, along with higher education concerning teacher professional development and/or teacher education. The journal is a multidisciplinary journal committed to no single approach, discipline, methodology, or paradigm. The journal welcomes varied approaches (qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods) to empirical research; also publishing high quality systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Manuscripts should enhance, build upon, and/or extend the boundaries of theory, research, and/or practice in teaching and teacher education. Web of Teachers: Inderscience Research is an open access, peer reviewed, monthly journal for the teachers, upcoming teachers and educators. Publication Frequency: 12 Issues Per Year (Monthly) ISSN (E): 2938-379X IFSIJ JIF: 7.995 Journal Abbreviation: Web teach.
ADVANTAGES OF USING PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING PLANT PROTECTION SCIENCE
The article discusses the theoretical and practical possibilities of using modern pedagogical technologies in teaching plant protection science. The effectiveness of interactive methods - problem-based learning, cluster, conceptual map, laboratory modeling, STEAM approach, digital simulators, game technologies and competency-based tasks is scientifically analyzed. Also, 9 educational games that can be used in such areas as phytopathology, entomology, and weed control are given with a methodological description.
Pedagogical technologies, plant protection, STEAM, simulator, interactive games, phytopathology, entomology, competence.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NEUROGYMNASTICS METHODOLOGY IN CORRECTIVE-DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION
This article presents a scientific examination of the theoretical foundations, practical application, and effectiveness of the neurogymnastics — or "brain gym" — methodology in corrective-developmental education. The influence of cerebral hemisphere asymmetry and interhemispheric integration problems on the educational process is analyzed. The role of a movement exercise system, developed on the basis of Paul Dennison's methodology, in correcting speech and cognitive disorders is substantiated. The article also outlines the diagnostic indicators of interhemispheric dysfunction and the methodological principles of corrective intervention.
neurogymnastics, brain gym, interhemispheric integration, corrective pedagogy, speech disorders, Paul Dennison, sensory integration, myelination, frontal lobes, movement therapy.
METHODOLOGY FOR STUDYING MODERN METHODS OF ORGANIZING INDEPENDENT WORK OF STUDENTS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
This article discusses the methodology for using interactive methods and graphic organizers in organizing independent work of students in inorganic chemistry in higher pedagogical educational institutions. The impact of such methods as “FSMU”, “Insert”, “Charkhpalak”, “Cluster”, “BBB” on the effectiveness of independent learning is analyzed. The results of the study showed that interactive methods develop students' skills of independent thinking, analysis and deep assimilation of knowledge.
Independent learning, inorganic chemistry, interactive methods, graphic organizers, FSMU, cluster, pedagogical technology, credit-module system.
APPLICATIONS OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS IN MODERN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES
Maxwell's equations are the mathematical foundation of classical electromagnetism and describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated, interact, and propagate through matter. In modern medicine, these equations are not only theoretical principles but also practical tools used in the design, optimization, and safety evaluation of diagnostic and therapeutic devices. Magnetic resonance imaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation, electroporation-based therapy, radiofrequency ablation, and biomedical monitoring systems all depend on electromagnetic field behavior in biological tissues. This article analyzes the role of Maxwell's equations in selected medical technologies, explains the relevant physical mechanisms, and summarizes their biomedical significance through equations and comparative tables. The analysis shows that Maxwell's equations support image formation, neural stimulation, controlled tissue heating, targeted intracellular delivery, and medical device safety assessment. Therefore, electromagnetic theory remains essential for the development of accurate, safe, and effective medical technologies.
Maxwell's equations; medical technology; MRI; electromagnetic fields; transcranial magnetic stimulation; electroporation; radiofrequency ablation.
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE IN FUTURE BIOLOGY TEACHERS
The modernization of the educational system and the growing demand for high-quality science education require the development of professional competence among future biology teachers. This study examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of professional competence development in pre-service biology teachers within higher pedagogical education. The research is based on competence-based, integrative, personality-oriented, and activity-based approaches. The article analyzes the structure of professional competence, including cognitive, methodological, communicative, digital, and research competencies necessary for biology teachers in contemporary education. Qualitative and theoretical methods such as comparative analysis, synthesis, pedagogical observation, and interpretation of scientific literature were employed. The findings reveal that the effective formation of professional competence depends on interdisciplinary integration, innovative teaching technologies, reflective practice, and continuous pedagogical training. The study highlights the importance of methodological preparedness and practical orientation in teacher education programs. The results contribute to improving pedagogical strategies for preparing competitive and professionally competent biology teachers capable of meeting international educational standards.
Professional competence, biology teacher education, pedagogical competence, methodological foundations, competence-based approach, future biology teachers, higher education.
THE INVISIBLE ARCHITECTS: THE FUNDAMENTAL ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN SUSTAINING AND SHAPING BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity is conventionally measured by the variety of plants, animals, and fungi visible to the naked eye. Yet this macroscopic perspective captures only a fraction of the living world. The true breadth of biological diversity resides in the microscopic realm of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, and viruses—organisms that have governed Earth’s chemistry for billions of years and continue to underpin the existence of all larger life forms. Despite their invisibility, microorganisms are far more than a passive background; they are the principal architects of the biosphere. This thesis argues that microorganisms serve as the fundamental drivers of biodiversity through four interrelated roles: they operate the global biogeochemical cycles that sustain life, they form obligate symbiotic relationships that enable the evolution and diversification of multicellular organisms, they act as powerful evolutionary catalysts that continuously generate genetic novelty, and they confer resilience to ecosystems facing environmental perturbation. A comprehensive understanding of biodiversity therefore demands that microorganisms be placed at its very center.
HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS AS METABOLITES AND MEDICINAL AGENTS. NEUROTRANSMITTERS CONTAINING HETEROCYCLIC FRAGMENTS
The article examines the structure, classification, and biological role of heterocyclic compounds. The importance of heterocyclic systems in metabolism, pharmaceutical chemistry, and biochemistry is analyzed. Particular attention is paid to neurotransmitters containing heterocyclic fragments, including serotonin, histamine, melatonin, and purinergic mediators. Biosynthesis schemes, tables of pharmacological activity, and conceptual schemes of modern research are presented.
Heterocyclic compounds, metabolites, neurotransmitters, serotonin, histamine, medicinal agents, purines, pyrimidines, pharmacology, biological activity.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL FACTORS ON PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Soil is the primary medium that provides plants with water, mineral elements, oxygen, and conditions for root system development. The aim of this article is to analyze the influence of physical, chemical, and biological soil factors on plant growth and development. Mechanical composition, structure, moisture, temperature, acidity, humus content, mineral nutrition, salinity, and soil microflora activity are considered. It is shown that optimal soil conditions enhance root growth, photosynthesis, plant resistance to stress, and productivity, whereas salinization, compaction, moisture deficiency, and pH imbalance reduce the intensity of physiological processes.
Soil, plant growth, plant development, humus, pH, salinity, moisture, fertility, mineral nutrition.
HARMFUL HABITS AFFECTING PREGNANCY AND EVIDENCE BASED APPROACHES TO THEIR ELIMINATION
During pregnancy, a woman’s body undergoes complex physiological, hormonal, and metabolic changes. In this period, external factors—especially harmful habits—directly and indirectly affect fetal development. Smoking, alcohol consumption, drug abuse, poor nutrition, chronic stress, sleep disorders, and physical inactivity are among the major modifiable risk factors that increase perinatal complications. This article systematically analyzes the pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical consequences, epidemiological evidence, and evidence-based medical, psychological, and social approaches to eliminating these harmful habits according to the IMRAD structure.
Pregnancy, harmful habits, smoking, alcohol, drug abuse, perinatal complications, prevention, fetal development.
METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF DESIGNING A SYSTEM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION COMPETENCIES BASED ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
This article examines the development of pedagogical methods that, in the wake of advances in ICT (information and communication technologies) and AI, have evolved into a holistic approach that surpasses traditional teaching methods in terms of effectiveness. The aim of the study is to provide a theoretical foundation, develop, and describe the architecture of the innovative learning method CogniSynaps, which is based on the synergy of artificial intelligence systems and immersive environments. The work is based on a systematic analysis of existing AI technologies in the field of education. The study examined the possibilities of adaptive learning, dialogic intelligent systems (AI tutoring), and multimodal pedagogy. The methodological foundation for the development of the new technology is based on the integration of an intelligent adaptive e-learning system (AES) that encompasses diagnostic (KNN algorithms), generative (LLM models), simulative (sandbox environments), and analytical (NLP technologies) and is coupled with extended reality (XR) technologies.
CogniSynaps, Adaptive Learning, AI Tutoring, multimodal pedagogy with AI.
ON THE INTEGRATION OF SOME TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
This article systematically covers the theoretical foundations and practical methods of integrating trigonometric functions. The main attention is paid to the integration of sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent and their expressions in power and product forms, the article shows the procedure for effective use of trigonometric functions, the method of changing variables. Each method is reinforced with step-by-step solved examples.
Trigonometric functions, integration, indefinite integral, changing variables, trigonometric functions, integral calculus.
CODE SWITCHING AS A MEANS OF CREATING ARTISTIC STYLE
This article analyzes the use of code-switching as a stylistic element in literary texts. The purpose of this research is to investigate how writers employ two or more languages in one text to expose the identities of their characters, generate national and cultural color, increase emotional and expressive effects, and fulfill pragmatic purposes. Linguistic analysis is also used to some examples of English and Uzbek literary works. According to the study, code-switching is not only a communicative phenomenon, but also an important instrument for the development of artistic style.
Code-switching, bilingualism, artistic style, linguopoetics, pragmatics, stylistics, language alternation, literary text, expressiveness, communicative function.
PODCASTS AND THE FUTURE OF SPEAKING SKILL DEVELOPMENT
This article discusses how podcasts can assist university students and English learners enhance their speaking skills. Podcasts have become an effective tool for language acquisition because they are easy to access, sound natural, and can be used in a variety of ways. The article discusses podcasts and how they can help people improve their English-speaking skills, such as how to say words correctly, speak smoothly, acquire new terms, understand what they hear, and feel more confidence while speaking with others. It also examines real-life instances of what teachers do in the classroom, as well as novel teaching methods that make use of podcasts. The article presents research findings demonstrating that podcasts can help students communicate more effectively. It discusses the negative aspects of utilizing podcasts to teach English. The findings demonstrate that podcasts facilitate learning about the student and allow people to study on their own, which can lower nervousness about speaking. According to the article, podcasts are a learning tool that can assist people improve their English-speaking skills when combined with activities that encourage people to converse.
Podcast, speaking skills, English language learning, pronunciation, fluency, vocabulary development, communicative competence, digital learning, language education, listening comprehension
DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL REFLECTION IN IN-SERVICE LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION: MECHANISMS AND CONDITIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE TEACHER GROWTH
This article examines the development of professional reflection in in-service language teacher education. Drawing on a qualitative conceptual review and targeted narrative synthesis of literature, the paper explores how reflection can be transformed from a descriptive post-lesson activity into a structured, evidence-informed, and collaborative process of professional learning. The analysis identifies key mechanisms that support reflective development among in-service language teachers, including adult-oriented professional learning, structured reflective tasks, evidence-based classroom inquiry, language assessment literacy, collaborative reflection, mentoring, video-supported analysis, and reflective journals or portfolios. The article argues that these mechanisms are most effective when they operate as an integrated system rather than as separate professional development activities. Particular attention is given to the diagnostic function of reflection, as language teachers need to interpret learner performance, classroom interaction, task difficulties, and assessment evidence in order to make pedagogically justified decisions. The paper also emphasizes the importance of institutional conditions such as time, trust, feedback, and a non-evaluative professional culture.
Professional reflection; in-service teacher education; language teacher education; reflective practice; language assessment literacy; teacher professional development
THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TOOLS IN ENHANCING ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING AT UNIVERSITY LEVEL
This study examines the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in enhancing English language learning at the university level. With the rapid integration of digital technologies in education, AI-based applications such as intelligent tutoring systems, language learning chatbots, automated writing evaluators, and adaptive learning platforms have become increasingly relevant in English language teaching. The study explores how these tools contribute to the development of students’ linguistic competence, particularly in vocabulary acquisition, grammar accuracy, writing proficiency, and speaking fluency. A comparative analysis between AI-assisted instruction and traditional teaching methods suggests that AI tools provide more personalized learning experiences, immediate feedback, and increased learner engagement. The findings indicate that students using AI-supported learning environments demonstrate higher academic performance and greater motivation compared to those in conventional classrooms. The study concludes that Artificial Intelligence has significant potential to transform English language education by promoting autonomous, interactive, and efficient learning processes in higher education.
Artificial Intelligence, English language learning, higher education, digital learning tools, intelligent tutoring systems, chatbots, communicative competence, EFL learners, adaptive learning, educational technology
Abdurashitxonova Gulsanamxon Abduraxmonxo‘ja kizi
TECHNOLOGY OF INTEGRATING AUTHENTIC MATERIALS INTO THE LANGUAGE TEACHING PROCESS: A COMPREHENSIVE FRAMEWORK FOR HIGHER EDUCATION
This article examines the theoretical foundations and practical implementation of a structured technology for integrating authentic materials into foreign language teaching at the university level. Despite widespread recognition of authentic materials' benefits, systematic approaches to their pedagogically sound integration remain underdeveloped. This study proposes a comprehensive four-dimensional framework (Selective, Adaptive, Interactive, and Evaluative components) designed to optimize the incorporation of authentic resources into language curricula. The research employed a mixed-methods approach, involving 180 undergraduate students across three universities during the 2023-2024 academic year. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed integration technology significantly enhances language proficiency (p < 0.01), with experimental groups showing 34% improvement in listening comprehension, 29% in communicative competence, and 31% in cultural awareness compared to control groups using traditional textbook-based instruction. The study identifies key parameters for material selection, adaptation strategies, and digital tool integration, offering practical recommendations for language educators.
authentic materials, language teaching technology, higher education, integrated skills, digital literacy, communicative competence.
A MODERN APPROACH TO INNOVATIVE TEACHING OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN UZBEKISTAN UNIVERSITIES: INTEGRATION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AND INTERCULTURAL INTERACTION
The article examines the urgent issue of modernizing the methodology of teaching the Russian language in higher educational institutions of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the context of the digital transformation of education. The author analyzes existing approaches to teaching Russian as a foreign/non-native language, identifies the key shortcomings of the traditional model, and proposes an innovative methodology integrating digital technologies, principles of multilingual education, and intercultural communication. The study is based on an empirical analysis of the results of implementing a blended learning format in three universities in Tashkent. The effectiveness of using interactive platforms, gamification, and a project-based approach in improving students’ language competence is demonstrated. The findings reveal that innovative methods contribute to a 45% increase in students’ motivation to learn the language and a 38% improvement in pragmatic communication skills compared to traditional approaches.
Russian language, innovative teaching, digital technologies, universities of Uzbekistan, intercultural communication, blended learning, multilingualism.
LINGUODIDACTIC ISSUES OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING IN THE SYSTEM OF CONTINUOUS EDUCATION (GENERAL EDUCATION SCHOOLS, ACADEMIC LYCEUMS AND VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS)
This article examines the role of foreign language teaching within the system of continuous education and highlights its strategic importance in the modern globalized world. The study analyzes the theoretical foundations of linguodidactics, including communicative competence, intercultural communication, and learner-centered approaches. Special attention is given to the stages of foreign language education in Uzbekistan, where language proficiency is developed progressively from schools to higher education according to CEFR standards. The article also discusses modern teaching methods such as CLIL and ESP, as well as innovative technologies, digital platforms, and artificial intelligence in language learning. Furthermore, it identifies existing linguodidactic challenges and proposes innovative solutions aimed at improving the quality and effectiveness of foreign language education.
continuous education, foreign language teaching, linguodidactics, communicative competence, CEFR, CLIL, ESP, digital learning, artificial intelligence, innovative technologies.
THE ROLE OF ABDURAHMAN JAMI’S ETHICAL VIEWS IN THE EDUCATION OF THE PERFECT GENERATION
The article reflects on the role of Abdurakhman Jami in the upbringing of the perfect generation and its importance today, based on the researches of Orientalist Y.E.Bertels. Along with this, Jami's religious-mystical and educational views, their place and importance in social life are revealed. The thinker's anger, lust, and power of speech combine to create justice.
SEMANTIC REPRESENTATION AND PRAGMATIC INTERPRETATION: A LEECHIAN ANALYSIS WITH REFERENCE TO CLOUD ATLAS
This study examines the distinction between semantics and pragmatics through Geoffrey Leech’s theoretical framework presented in Principles of Pragmatics. The research focuses on two central propositions: first, that semantic representation is distinct from pragmatic interpretation, and second, that semantics is rule-governed while pragmatics is principle-controlled. Using qualitative theoretical analysis, the study investigates Leech’s critique of the performative hypothesis and speech act theory, particularly their limitations in explaining natural communication. The findings demonstrate that semantic meaning cannot fully account for speaker intention, contextual inference, and multifunctional utterances. Likewise, purely pragmatic models such as speech act theory oversimplify communication by reducing language to discrete action categories. The analysis confirms that semantics provides the structural basis for meaning, whereas pragmatics explains how speakers use language flexibly according to communicative goals and contextual factors. The study concludes that maintaining the analytical distinction between semantics and pragmatics offers a more comprehensive model for understanding natural language use.
semantics; pragmatics; speech act theory; illocutionary force; Geoffrey Leech; performative hypothesis; language meaning; contextual interpretation
PEDIATRIC TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: CURRENT PERSPECTIVES ON PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL MANAGEMENT, AND OUTCOMES
The "talk-and-deteriorate" phenomenon represents a critical subset of patients with initially mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) who experience rapid neurological decline after a period of apparent stability. Characterized by an initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13–15 and a subsequent drop to ≤8, this syndrome often involves a "lucid interval" masking evolving secondary brain injuries, including delayed intracranial hematomas and hemorrhagic progression of contusions. Pathophysiological mechanisms include excitotoxicity, ionic imbalance, inflammation, and coagulopathy, while risk factors such as advanced age, anticoagulant use, and preexisting comorbidities increase susceptibility. Clinical recognition relies on vigilant neurological monitoring, repeat neuroimaging, and timely intervention, with surgical decompression indicated for significant deterioration. Early identification and standardized observation protocols are essential to improve outcomes in this high-risk population.
Talk-and-deteriorate phenomenon, mild traumatic brain injury, delayed intracranial hematoma, secondary brain injury, lucid interval, hemorrhagic progression of contusions, neurological deterioration.
NON-STANDARD LABORATORY WORKS IN PHYSICS DESIGN METHODOLOGY
This article analyzes the didactic essence of non-standard laboratory work in physics teaching, its design methodology, and its role in the educational process. The structure of non-standard laboratory work (goal, means, result, assessment), its differences from traditional laboratory work, and the conditions for organizing it in accordance with didactic principles are described. Scientific and practical recommendations are provided.
Non-standard laboratory work, didactic principle, design methodology, problem, hypothesis, experiment, analysis.
THE USE OF HYPERBOLE AS A STYLISTIC DEVICE IN THE NOVEL “NIGHT AND DAY”
This article analyzes the theoretical foundations of hyperbole as a stylistic device and its usage in the novel Night and Day. The study highlights the role of hyperbole as a figurative means based on semantic transfer and explains its importance in enhancing expressiveness through quantitative and qualitative exaggeration. Furthermore, the aesthetic functions of hyperbole and its emotional impact on readers are illustrated through textual examples.
Hyperbole, stylistic device, figurative meaning, stylistics, Night and Day, literary text, trope, linguistics, expressive language.
SIMPLEX-CONSTRAINED SEMANTIC EMBEDDING MODELS FOR INFORMATION RETRIEVAL ON THE BEIR/SCIFACT BENCHMARK
This paper investigates geometric simplex-constrained representations for dense semantic information retrieval using neural sentence embeddings. The study introduces a mathematical framework for transforming Sentence-BERT embedding vectors into simplex-normalized semantic spaces and truncated simplex search regions. The proposed approach combines probabilistic geometric projection with semantic embedding retrieval in order to analyze how constrained embedding geometry influences retrieval quality. The research employs the BEIR/SciFact benchmark dataset and compares four retrieval approaches: BM25 lexical retrieval, standard Sentence-BERT semantic retrieval, simplex-normalized embeddings, and truncated simplex-constrained retrieval. Experimental evaluation is performed using Precision@K, Recall@K, Mean Average Precision (MAP), statistical significance testing, and t-SNE visualization. Experimental results demonstrate that standard Sentence-BERT achieves the highest retrieval effectiveness with MAP = 0.6757, while simplex-constrained retrieval methods achieve MAP = 0.5581. Statistical significance analysis confirms that the performance degradation introduced by simplex projection is statistically significant with p = 0.000193 < 0.05. The results show that simplex geometry preserves semantic neighborhood structures but introduces measurable distortion affecting retrieval accuracy. The proposed mathematical framework provides a theoretical basis for studying constrained semantic embedding spaces and opens new directions for probabilistic geometric retrieval systems, neural semantic indexing, and constrained manifold learning in information retrieval.
Information retrieval, Sentence-BERT, simplex embeddings, semantic search, BEIR benchmark, BM25, neural retrieval, manifold learning, probabilistic geometry, semantic embeddings.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND PROSPECTS
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), represent a growing global health burden, with millions of individuals affected worldwide and limited disease-modifying therapies available. Early and accurate diagnosis is critical for improving patient outcomes, yet conventional diagnostic approaches often fail to detect pathological changes prior to overt symptom onset. Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) methodologies, has demonstrated remarkable promise in transforming early diagnostic paradigms through the analysis of neuroimaging, genetic, clinical, and digital biomarker data. This review synthesizes current evidence on AI applications in the early detection and differential diagnosis of major neurodegenerative conditions, examining the types of data modalities employed, algorithmic approaches, and reported diagnostic performance metrics. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) applied to structural and functional MRI, PET imaging, and retinal scans have achieved diagnostic accuracies exceeding 90% in distinguishing AD from normal aging and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Natural language processing (NLP) tools and speech analysis algorithms have been applied to detect subtle linguistic and acoustic markers predictive of neurodegeneration years before clinical diagnosis. Despite these advances, significant challenges persist, including limited dataset diversity, lack of prospective validation, interpretability concerns, and ethical issues surrounding data privacy and algorithmic bias. Federated learning and explainable AI frameworks offer potential solutions to enhance generalizability and clinical trustworthiness. The integration of multimodal AI platforms into clinical workflows requires interdisciplinary collaboration among neurologists, data scientists, ethicists, and policymakers. This review underscores the transformative potential of AI for early neurodegenerative disease diagnosis while emphasizing the necessity for rigorous validation, regulatory oversight, and equitable implementation to realize clinical benefits.
THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF VOICES IN TRADITIONAL SINGING PERFORMANCE
This article provides information about the various forms of traditional Uzbek music, which are distinguished by the highest examples of national performance style and vocal interpretation, the main criteria for pure timbre, expressive and perfect interpretation, wide range, unique volume and skill of the voice. In particular, the article discusses the Fergana-Tashkent traditions of Uzbek national vocal art, first of all, the qualitative characteristics of the voice of performers and methods of its use, the terms of their main types, divided into several categories.
Fig'on, Girya and Munojot, Nor ovoz, Tik ovoz (or sonorous voice), Jarangdor ko'krak ovoz, Kuyuk tik ovoz (or sonorous voice), Bo'zak ovoz (or fashionable voice), Pang ovoz, Ishkami ovoz.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE LIVER IN NEWBORNS
The article examines the anatomical and morphological structures of the liver in 24 newborns and elderly individuals (cadavers). As a result of scientific research, it was established that the liver of newborns consists of lobules separated by connective tissue layers. Longitudinal connective tissue fibers pass under the capsule, predominantly of collagen type. Sinusoidal capillaries, hepatic cells, and central veins are clearly visible. In newborns, the weight of the liver averages 120 to 150 g, constituting approximately 4-5% of body weight. In elderly individuals, the liver surface becomes denser, and its parenchyma undergoes gradual replacement with fibrous tissue. At old age, the liver weight averages 1200-1500 g.
THE LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF EPONYMS IN ENGLISH
The linguistic and cultural role of eponyms in the modern English language is examined in this paper. Obviously, eponyms constitute a significant and productive layer of vocabulary formed from proper names of historical figures, literary characters, scientists, geographical places, and mythological characters. Over time, many eponyms turn into common lexical units, acquiring new semantic, stylistic, and connotative meanings. Thus, the study aims to analyze the functional role of eponyms in the English lexical system and to identify their linguo-cultural characteristics in modern discourse. Descriptive, semantic, contextual, and linguo-cultural methods of analysis is applied in the research. Special attention is given to the processes of semantic transformation, metaphorization, and lexicalization of eponymic units. The study also investigates the nominative, expressive, evaluative, and stylistic functions of eponyms in different communicative contexts. The findings demonstrate that eponyms serve not only as linguistic units for naming objects and phenomena but also as carriers of cultural memory, historical knowledge, and collective social experience. Many English eponyms reflect national traditions, historical events, literary heritage, and cultural stereotypes, thereby contributing to the interaction between language and culture. Furthermore, modern media and digital communication actively promote the emergence and dissemination of new eponymic expressions. The study concludes that eponyms hold a significant place in the English lexical system due to their multifunctional character and high communicative potential. They enrich vocabulary, enhance expressiveness, and preserve cultural information within language. The research may contribute to further studies in lexicology, linguo-culturology, cognitive linguistics, and translation studies.
Eponyms, lexicalization, English vocabulary, linguo-cultural studies, semantic transformation, proper names, connotative meaning, cultural linguistics, lexical semantics.
CULTURAL VALUES AND SIBLING RELATIONSHIPS IN UZBEK FAMILIES: PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF SUPPORT, RIVALRY, AND RESPONSIBILITY
Sibling relationships are among the longest-lasting interpersonal bonds in human life, yet their cultural regulation remains insufficiently discussed in Central Asian family psychology. This article examines sibling relationships in Uzbek families through three interconnected psychological dimensions: support, rivalry, and responsibility. The paper is designed as a theoretical and conceptual study based on international sibling research and Uzbek/Russian-language scholarship on family values, intergenerational norms, and child upbringing. The main argument is that sibling relationships in Uzbek families cannot be adequately interpreted only through the categories of warmth and conflict. They are embedded in a value-oriented family system where respect for elders, care for younger family members, collective reputation, mutual assistance, and gendered expectations structure everyday interaction. Cultural values may strengthen sibling solidarity and emotional closeness, but they may also intensify rivalry when parental attention, educational opportunities, inheritance expectations, or household responsibilities are perceived as unfair. The article proposes a culturally sensitive model in which family values influence sibling support and rivalry through the mediating role of perceived responsibility and fairness. The paper contributes to family psychology by integrating classical Western theories of sibling relationship quality with Uzbek and Russian academic perspectives on family life. Practical implications are offered for family counseling, student psychological support, and preventive work with hidden conflict in extended families.
Sibling relationships; Uzbek families; family psychology; cultural values; sibling support; sibling rivalry; responsibility; emotional closeness; family system.
MECHANISMS FOR PERSONALIZING TESTS IN TEACHING MEDICAL ENGLISH USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed modern education, particularly in the field of English for Specific Purposes (ESP). Medical English teaching requires not only linguistic competence but also mastery of professional terminology, clinical communication, and academic writing. Traditional testing methods often fail to address the diverse linguistic backgrounds, professional goals, and cognitive abilities of medical students. AI technologies offer innovative mechanisms for creating adaptive, personalized, and data-driven assessments that improve learning outcomes and student motivation.Personalized AI-based testing systems can analyze learner performance, identify strengths and weaknesses, and automatically generate customized tasks. In medical English education, such mechanisms are especially valuable because students must develop highly specialized communicative competencies for real clinical environments.