Web of Discoveries: Journal of Analysis and Inventions
Web of Discoveries: Journal of Analysis and Inventions focuses on the novel technologies and/or approaches to provide and characterize chemical and biological and applied sciences. The journal focuses on the discoveries, studies, analysis and inventions in biological and applied sciences with a scientific rigor and impact on the research that: Enables and improves the target validation Evaluates current applications and technologies Provides novel research tools and methodologies Carry out the analysis and inventions Incorporates research approaches that enhance the depth of knowledge and applications Success discovery The journal is international and interdisciplinary, inviting contributions from across the globe and from various academic disciplines. Special issues are often devoted to specific emerging areas of study with guest editors assisting in the editorial process. Publication Frequency: 12 Issues Per Year (Monthly) ISSN (E): 2938-3773 IFSIJ JIF: 7.825 Journal Abbreviation: Web discov.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERIENCE OF ORGANIZING SCHOOL REVIEWS AND COMPETITIONS IN UZBEKISTAN AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES
This article presents a comparative analysis of the organization of school reviews and competitions in Uzbekistan, Finland, South Korea, and Russia. Drawing on regulatory documents, international assessment data (PISA 2022), and scholarly literature, the study identifies the pedagogical conditions, governance mechanisms, and assessment frameworks that underpin each country’s approach to academic olympiads, creative contests, and intellectual competitions in general education schools. The analysis reveals three distinct models: Finland’s non-competitive individual development model, South Korea’s high-stakes competitive model, and Uzbekistan’s hybrid model that combines centralized olympiad governance with diverse creative and intellectual contests. Based on the comparative findings, the article proposes evidence-based recommendations for enhancing Uzbekistan’s competition system through formative assessment integration, project-based competition formats, unified digital portfolios, and expanded international participation.
School review-competition, subject olympiad, general education, comparative analysis, PISA, assessment system, student creativity, gifted education, academic competition governance.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPETITION ENVIRONMENT AND QUALITY OF SERVICES: A MICROECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITIES OF SERVICE ENTERPRISES
In this scientific article the relationship between the competitive environment and the quality of services in the service market is analyzed from a microeconomic approach. The level of competition between firms in the service market has a direct impact not only on price policy, but also on service quality, innovation and consumer satisfaction. The study conducts a theoretical analysis based on market structure, service differentiation, demand elasticity, and profit maximization model. It is also substantiated that the increase in the quality of service is the main factor forming the competitive advantage.
Competitive environment, quality of service, microeconomic analysis, elasticity of demand, market structure, differentiation.
MECHANISMS OF FORMING AND IMPLEMENTING A STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT MODEL IN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
This article addresses the critical challenge of forming and implementing a strategic management model in vocational education institutions of Uzbekistan, where traditional administrative approaches have proven insufficient for meeting the rapidly evolving demands of the modern labor market. The study critically analyzes the theoretical foundations of strategic management in education, drawing upon Total Quality Management (TQM), the PDCA cycle, and internationally recognized quality assurance frameworks including EQAVET and ISO 21001. The author proposes a structural-functional model comprising institutional-strategic, organizational-structural, and monitoring-evaluative blocks, validated through a quasi-experimental study involving 232 students and 170 administrative leaders across three polytechnics. Results demonstrate a 13.29% increase in education quality indicators in experimental groups and a 15.6% improvement in strategic management competencies among institutional leaders. The article concludes with recommendations for systemic adoption of evidence-based strategic management in vocational education.
strategic management model, vocational education quality, institutional management, PDCA cycle, Total Quality Management, education quality integral indicator, competency-based assessment, labor market alignment.
SUFFIXES は(WA) AND が(GA) IN JAPANESE: ANALYSIS OF SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC DIFFERENCES
This article analyzes the negative impact of several factors on road capacity. The factors causing traffic jams were studied and analyzed based on the results of research and inspections.
Traffic jams, road traffic accidents, research on the impact on capacity, hazards, trees, buildings, winter and summer, driver, sharply limiting capacity, Road surveillance.
MODERN METHODS OF PREVENTING TRAFFIC ON CENTRAL CITY STREETS
JAPANESE FORMS OF "OBLIGATION" AND "ADVICE": ANALYSIS OF SHOULD, MUST, BETTER
This article examines three Japanese grammar forms — 〜べき (should), 〜なければならない (must), 〜ほうがいい (better to). It analyzes their similarities and differences in expressing obligation, recommendation, and advice. The meaning, usage context, and level of formality of each form are illustrated with examples. This article helps learners understand which form is appropriate in different situations and serves as a practical guide for correctly using Japanese grammar forms.
〜べき, 〜なければならない, 〜ほうがいい, obligation, advice, Japanese grammar, semantics, context.
PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTION BASED ON INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
The article developed prospects and practical mechanisms for the development of product production in the Namangan region on the basis of international standards. The study summarized international empirical evidence (ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO 45001) on the impact of standard implementation on enterprise outcomes and linked to local institutional conditions. The presence of a free economic zone (“Namangan” EIZ) in the Namangan region provides additional opportunities for investment and the placement of exportbop production. As a result of the article, a “5-Step roadmap”, a support package for state and territorial institutions, a KPI at the enterprise level, and a cost–benefit (CBA) assessment model were proposed. Accordingly, the implementation of standardization with the integration of technological modernization and training of personnel was based on the fact that Namangan is a real prospect of increasing the competitiveness of exports and the domestic market.
Roadmap, ISO certification, free economic zone, investment, CBA, KPI, Namangan.
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ARTISTIC THINKING AND VISUAL PERCEPTION IN VISUAL ARTS
This article investigates the theoretical foundations of artistic thinking and visual perception within the domain of visual arts, emphasizing their inseparable cognitive and aesthetic relationship. Artistic thinking is approached not as an auxiliary intellectual process or an innate creative ability, but as a historically and culturally conditioned mode of cognition that emerges through structured visual perception. From an authorial perspective, visual perception in art is conceptualized as an active, meaning-generating process in which sensory experience is transformed into aesthetic judgment, symbolic interpretation, and reflective awareness. The study critically engages with classical and contemporary theories of perception, aesthetics, and artistic cognition, revealing the limitations of approaches that isolate perception from thinking or reduce artistic understanding to technical skill acquisition. Through a theoretical-analytical methodology, the article demonstrates that artistic thinking develops within the internal logic of visual perception, where seeing functions as a form of intellectual activity rather than passive observation. The findings argue that visual arts constitute a unique epistemological field in which perception and thinking operate as a unified process, shaping artistic consciousness and aesthetic experience. The article concludes that a systematic theoretical understanding of this unity is essential for advancing art theory, art education, and the broader study of visual culture.
Artistic thinking; visual perception; visual arts theory; aesthetic cognition; artistic consciousness; visual culture; perception and meaning.
This article extends the analysis of meaning-making in communication by introducing the concept of framing. Drawing on interdisciplinary traditions from sociology, artificial intelligence, semantics, and linguistics, it conceptualizes a frame as a structured portion of background knowledge related to a specific area of the environment. Frames guide communication, shape behavioral expectations, support inferences, and are closely linked to particular lexical and grammatical choices.
Framing; Frame; Communication; Conceptual Metaphor Theory; Metaphor; Context; Discourse; Meaning-making; Cognitive Linguistics.
SYNTHESIS OF SNO₂ METAL OXIDE FILMS AND THEIR SENSITIVITY TO VARIOUS GASES
In this study, a tin dioxide (SnO₂)-based metal oxide film was deposited on a silicon (Si) substrate using the spray–pyrolysis technique of the sol–gel method. The influence of isothermal annealing on the structural and electrical properties of the obtained films was investigated, demonstrating that this treatment enhances the operational stability of the sensor. For SnO₂ metal oxide materials, the most critical and informative parameter is electrical conductivity (or resistivity), as even small variations in the analyzed gas concentration cause significant changes in the film’s electrical resistance. The results indicate that SnO₂-based gas sensors exhibit high sensitivity to gases such as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), freons, ethanol vapors, chlorine vapors, and hydrogen (H₂). For these gases, the sensors’ sensitivity, operating temperature, and electrical characteristics were determined, allowing an assessment of their potential practical applications. The findings demonstrate that SnO₂ metal oxide films are promising candidates as gas-sensing elements for environmental monitoring and industrial safety systems.
SnO₂ metal oxide, sol–gel, film, sensor, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol.
ORGANIZATION AND STAGES OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON DEVELOPING HISTORICAL THINKING OF PRE-SERVICE HISTORY TEACHERS THROUGH MUSEUM PEDAGOGY
This article explores the organization and staged implementation of experimental work aimed at developing historical thinking among pre-service history teachers through museum pedagogy. The study reconceptualizes the museum environment not as a supplementary excursion space but as an educational laboratory in which historical knowledge is constructed through systematic engagement with material evidence, primary sources, and cultural heritage. Employing a quasi-experimental research design, the study is organized as a continuous classroom–museum–classroom didactic cycle comprising diagnostic, formative, and control stages. The article details participant selection criteria, procedures for ensuring comparability between experimental and control groups, assessment instruments, evaluation criteria, and ethical considerations. Special emphasis is placed on aligning instructional and assessment practices with core operations of historical thinking, including source-based reasoning, contextualization, causal explanation, interpretation, and reflective analysis. The study demonstrates that museum pedagogy, when methodologically structured, constitutes an effective resource for strengthening procedural dimensions of historical thinking in history teacher education.
Museum pedagogy; historical thinking; pre-service history teachers; quasi-experimental design; reflection.
MECHANISMS FOR ACTIVATING EMPLOYER ENGAGEMENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS: A STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR DEMAND-LED VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
The alignment of vocational education outcomes with labor market requirements is the central challenge of modern human capital development policies. Professional standards serve as the fundamental “genetic code” of this alignment, translating abstract industry needs into concrete educational outcomes.
Professional Standards, Employer Engagement, Vocational Education and Training (VET), Skills Mismatch, Institutional Theory, Labor Market Intelligence, National Qualifications Framework (NQF).
FEATURE FILM AS A MEDIA EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE LESSONS
This paper discusses how feature films can be used as a media education technology in English language lessons, especially with learners at the middle and upper-secondary stage (approximately CEFR A2–B2). Films offer rich, multimodal input: learners do not rely only on words, but also on facial expressions, gestures, setting, and tone of voice. Because of this, films can support comprehension, motivation, and communicative practice. However, film-based lessons often fail when teachers either turn the classroom into a cinema or reduce the work to translation and vocabulary lists. To avoid these extremes, the paper proposes a practical classroom framework: selecting short scenes with clear communicative value, defining a specific speaking goal (e.g., requesting clarification, negotiating, persuading), using a staged task sequence (pre–while–post), and assessing performance with simple, transparent criteria. A sample lesson model is provided to demonstrate how film scenes can develop listening skills, pragmatic competence, fluency through chunks, and interactive speaking. The paper argues that films become most effective when they function not as entertainment, but as structured media texts that help learners interpret meaning and communicate it in realistic contexts.
Feature film; media education; English language teaching; multimodal input; communicative approach; pragmatics; scaffolding.
PEDAGOGICAL SKILLS IN THE PROCESS OF SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION
This article analyzes the importance of pedagogical skills, its content and main components in the effective implementation of spiritual and moral education from a scientific point of view. The article explores the role of the teacher in the process of spiritual and moral education, his methodological and communicative skills, as well as the mechanisms of formation of moral values in students in the educational process. The results of the research show a strong relationship between pedagogical skills and the effectiveness of spiritual-moral education. At the same time, the article presents modern pedagogical approaches and practical recommendations that serve to strengthen moral education in the education system.
Spiritual and moral education, pedagogical skills, ethical values, educational process, pedagogical approaches, upbringing of students.
PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZING THE ACCOUNT OF BIOLOGICAL ASSETS
This article examines the progress achieved in agriculture, identifies existing challenges in the accelerated transition of accounting to international standards, and outlines the essence and key provisions of IAS 41 "Agriculture." The article presents the differences between NAS and IAS in accounting for biological assets, the challenges of accounting for biological assets based on IAS 41, and solutions.
Agricultural products, biological assets, biotransformation process, recognition and evaluation of biological assets, initial cost, fair value.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
ASSESSING THE EFFICIENCY OF SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY: DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING METHODOLOGY
This article examines theoretical and practical approaches to assessing the efficiency of small business and entrepreneurial activity. The study analyzes the main economic indicators used in efficiency assessment and identifies their advantages and limitations. Directions for improving the methodology of evaluating the performance of small business entities under modern market conditions are proposed. The article also substantiates the applicability of assessment results in managerial decision-making processes.
Small business, entrepreneurship, efficiency, assessment, economic indicators, methodology, managerial decisions.
WAYS TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF USING FIXED PRODUCTION ASSETS IN ENTERPRISES
This article examines the scientific and methodological aspects of improving the efficiency of using fixed production assets in construction enterprises. The role of fixed assets in the production process, their technical condition, and the key factors influencing economic efficiency are analyzed. In addition, practical ways to enhance fixed asset utilization efficiency are proposed based on fixed asset turnover, fixed asset profitability, and depreciation policy. The research findings contribute to increasing production efficiency in construction enterprises and improving managerial decision-making.
Fixed production assets, efficiency, fixed asset turnover, fixed asset profitability, depreciation, construction enterprise.
PHYTOPLANKTON DEVELOPMENT DEPENDING ON THE SEASON OF THE YEAR IN THE PONDS OF TREATMENT FACILITIES
This article discusses the ecological- floral analysis of natural population of algal ponds used as biological ponds - reservoirs, clarifiers.
Pond, algae, flora, al′goflora, saprobity, systematic, filtering, season.
THE ROLE OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND THE CLUSTER APPROACH IN TRAINING MODERN TEACHERS
This article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of developing innovative competence among future teachers within the modern educational system. It explores the integration of the cluster approach into the educational process, the pedagogical effectiveness of innovative technologies, and the importance of creative and critical thinking in teacher training. The study also highlights the role of teachers’ speech culture, personal development clusters, and creative activities in shaping innovative competence.
Innovative competence, cluster approach, pedagogical technologies, creative thinking, critical thinking, professional development, speech culture, modern education.
LABOR FORCE COMPETITIVENESS IN AN INNOVATIVE ECONOMY: GLOBAL TRENDS AND THE EXPERIENCE OF UZBEKISTAN
The article analyzes the factors shaping the competitiveness of the workforce in the context of an innovative economy, global labor market trends, the impact of digital transformation, automation and the platform economy on workforce competencies. Based on the experience of leading countries - the USA, the European Union, Japan, South Korea and Singapore, the organizational and economic mechanisms necessary for the formation of a competitive workforce in the labor market of Uzbekistan are substantiated. The results of the study indicate the importance of the quality of personnel training, digital skills, innovative forms of employment and investments in human capital.
Workforce competitiveness, innovative economy, labor market, digital skills, platform economy, gig economy, human capital, global trends.
MODERN PROBLEMS AND INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS OF THE OIL REFINING INDUSTRY: A NEW APPROACH IN THE ERA OF GLOBAL CHANGES
This in the article oil again work industry in today's global environment current problems , technological transformation processes , carbon neutrality requirements , raw materials of quality decrease , product diversification and energy efficiency issues analysis Statistical information , advanced factories experience , new catalytic processes and innovative integration models based on modern solutions offer Article previously there is scientific from work different accordingly oil again work process new global energy paradigm in the context of analysis does.
Oil refining industry, modern challenges, innovative solutions, global changes, energy transition, sustainable refining, digitalization in oil refining, circular economy, low-carbon technologies, petrochemical integration, environmental impact reduction, advanced catalysts, process optimization.
THE ROLE OF REGIONAL “ADVANCED VOCATIONAL MASTERY TECHNICUMS” IN IMPROVING THE QUALIFICATIONS OF PEDAGOGICAL CADRES BASED ON THE CLUSTER MODEL
This article analyzes the activities of the new institutional structure – “Advanced Vocational Mastery Technicums” (Advanced Professional Skill Colleges), introduced in the vocational education system in accordance with the Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PQ-316 dated October 23, 2025. It scientifically substantiates the function of these technicums, established in the regions, as an educational cluster center (Hub) serving as a leading practical base for other technicums in the region. Furthermore, the article elucidates new mechanisms that ensure the integration of resource efficiency and educational quality in improving the qualifications of production training masters.
Vocational education reform, PQ-316, advanced vocational mastery technicum, educational cluster, master of production training, practical base, teacher qualification improvement.
METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF USING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN VISUAL ARTS EDUCATION
This article explores the methodological foundations of using digital technologies in visual arts education. It highlights how the integration of digital tools — such as graphic tablets, digital drawing software, 3D modeling platforms, animation technologies, and virtual reality — enhances students’ creative thinking, spatial imagination, aesthetic perception, and compositional skills. The study analyzes the differences and advantages of traditional and digital art, as well as the impact of digital environments on students’ motivation and competencies. The article provides methodological recommendations for effectively incorporating digital technologies into art education.
Visual arts, digital technologies, graphic software, 3D modeling, animation, creative thinking, digital literacy.
METHODS OF DEVELOPING VOCAL-CHORAL SKILLS IN SINGING ACTIVITY
The article considers ways to improve vocal and choral skills in music lessons of secondary schools, the singing voice, singing culture, the formation of musical feelings in students, their spiritual world, deep philosophical and social thinking, as well as the valuable thoughts of the Eastern thinkers Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, and the Greek philosopher Plato on the interrelation of musical education with moral education, the spiritual maturity of the individual, and the resolutions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the development of our national music.
Vocal-choral, music, elegance, musical sound, morality, thinker, Singing voice, beauty, liveliness.
MODERN METHODS AND CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES IN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
This article analyzes contemporary approaches and criteria for assessing the professional competencies of teaching staff. The concept of professional competence and the necessity of its assessment are explained, and, based on recent scholarly sources, studies on methods for assessing teachers’ professional competence are reviewed. The article presents the results of a survey conducted among 100 teachers, including a table of average scores for various areas of professional competence. Statistical analysis revealed differences across age groups (for example, teachers over 55 scored higher in digital and innovation competencies). The findings are compared with the scholarly literature, and the importance of modern assessment criteria — including predefined competency standards, authentic assessment (tasks in real contexts), portfolios, and multisource (360-degree) feedback — is discussed. It is emphasized that assessment processes must be organized using impartial, reliable, and up-to-date methods to ensure teachers’ professional development.
Pedagogical competence, competency-based assessment, 360-degree assessment, portfolio assessment, authentic assessment, digital competence, innovation competence, leadership and research competencies, competency standards, professional competencies, assessment criteria.
CARDIAC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: MECHANISMS, CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS, AND THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES
Cardiac pathophysiology encompasses structural, functional, and biochemical alterations in the heart that lead to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This paper provides a comprehensive review of myocardial remodeling, ischemia, arrhythmogenesis, and neurohormonal regulation, highlighting their contribution to heart failure, myocardial infarction, and arrhythmias. Using experimental, clinical, and imaging studies, the article emphasizes the interplay between cellular signaling, ion channel dysfunction, and systemic regulation. Understanding these mechanisms provides insights into developing targeted therapies and improving patient outcomes.
Cardiac pathophysiology, myocardial remodeling, heart failure, arrhythmia, ischemia, neurohormonal regulation.
This article provides an analysis of the issues raised in the poems of the People's Poet of Uzbekistan Iqbol Mirzo. The poet's poems are full of love for the motherland and an analytical approach to his poems on a number of topics. This article analyzes the main thematic and artistic features of Iqbol Mirzo’s poetry, one of the leading representatives of modern Uzbek literature. The study highlights the diversity, sincerity, and philosophical depth of the poet’s works. Through an examination of his poems such as “Tell Me, My Friend, What Have We Done for Our Homeland?”, “What Is Happiness?”, “What They Call Love”, and “Awakening”, the article explores how the poet expresses feelings of patriotism, love, and human emotion in simple yet profound language. It is observed that Iqbol Mirzo skillfully employs artistic devices such as metaphor, simile, and hyperbole to enhance the emotional and aesthetic impact of his poetry. His verses are characterized by sincerity, lyricism, and a deep sense of reflection, which make them appealing to a wide readership. The article concludes that Iqbol Mirzo’s poetry not only reflects the beauty of the Uzbek language and national spirit but also conveys universal human values through artistic expression.
Poetry, analysis, artistic word, mental concept, psyche, sing, poem.
THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND ITS CORRECTION
Myocardial infarction (MI) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The underlying pathophysiology of MI involves a complex interplay between ischemia, reperfusion injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and antioxidant defense mechanisms, plays a crucial role in myocardial cell injury, apoptosis, and subsequent ventricular remodeling. Excessive ROS disrupt cellular membranes, mitochondrial function, and signaling cascades, leading to further ischemic damage. This article reviews current understanding of oxidative stress mechanisms in MI, discusses the clinical biomarkers of oxidative damage, and evaluates pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies for oxidative stress correction. Advances in antioxidant therapies, mitochondrial-targeted drugs, and gene-based approaches are also explored. Optimizing redox balance represents a promising avenue for improving myocardial recovery and patient outcomes following infarction.
Myocardial infarction, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, reperfusion injury, cardioprotection.
APPLICATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS IN THE PRODUCTION OF OUTERWEAR FROM NATURAL LEATHER
The article analyzes the results of research conducted at “IDEAL TEKSTIL-ORZU” LLC aimed at improving the production technology of outerwear made from natural leather. During the 2023–2025 research period, a new method of leather processing was developed, and the deformation characteristics of the products made using this method were studied experimentally. The results show that the new technology not only improves product quality, strength, and aesthetic performance but also provides significant economic benefits by reducing production costs. According to calculations, the production of 10,000 units per year yields an economic gain of 182.2 million UZS, with a specific efficiency of 18,220 UZS per product unit.
natural leather, garment manufacturing technology, deformation characteristics, production efficiency, economic analysis, innovative technology.
OPTIMIZATION OF SILKSCREEN PRINTING PARAMETERS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF DECORATIVE ELEMENTS IN WOMEN'S CLOTHING
The article deals with the issue of optimizing the parameters of silkscreen printing in order to improve the quality of decorative elements in women's clothing. In the course of the study, the influence of the angle of inclination of the squeegee, the pressure force and the thickness of the paint layer on the quality of a decorative printed pattern was experimentally studied. As a result of experiments, it was found that with a squeegee tilt angle of 75-80°, a pressure of 0.4–0.6 MPa and an ink layer thickness of 120-150 microns, the highest print quality indicators are achieved. Based on the obtained data, practical recommendations for industrial applications are developed.
Silkscreen printing, decorative elements, squeegee parameters, paint layer, optimization, women's clothing.