Web of Medicine: Journal of Medicine, Practice and Nursing
Web of Medicine: Journal of Medicine, Practice and Nursing is an international medium for dissemination of original results and interpretative reviews concerning the field of medicine, medical practices and nursing. The journal emphasizes the evaluation of systems in healthcare settings. The scope of journal covers: Information systems, including national or international registration systems, hospital information systems, departmental and/or physician's office systems, document handling systems, electronic medical record systems, standardization, systems integration etc.; Computer-aided medical decision support systems using heuristic, data structure, algorithms, statistical methods as exemplified in decision theory, protocol development, artificial intelligence and, machine learning studies among other techniques to new knowledge discovering. Educational computer-based programs pertaining to medical informatics or medicine in general; Organizational, economic, social, clinical impact, ethical and cost-benefit aspects of IT applications in health care. Essential practice, management, education and health promotion skills required by medical and nursing professionals. Publication Frequency: 12 Issues Per Year (Monthly) ISSN (E): 2938-3765 IFSIJ JIF: 7.555 Journal Abbreviation: Web med.
Toxicoinfection is an important form of foodborne disease in which viable microorganisms and their biologically active products contribute to the development of an acute pathological process in the human body. The condition is characterized by a complex interaction between the causative microorganism, microbial virulence factors, intestinal epithelial function, host immune mechanisms, and environmental conditions associated with food production and storage. Toxicoinfection may manifest as an acute gastrointestinal syndrome accompanied by nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, fever, weakness, and varying degrees of dehydration. In severe cases, disturbances of electrolyte balance, circulatory instability, acute kidney dysfunction, and systemic inflammatory complications may develop. The present article examines toxicoinfection as a multidisciplinary medical and public-health problem. Particular attention is given to the biological characteristics of causative microorganisms, routes of contamination, pathogen-host interactions, mechanisms of intestinal dysfunction, clinical assessment, laboratory diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment principles, and preventive measures. The analysis emphasizes that the severity of disease is determined by multiple factors rather than by the presence of a microorganism alone. The infectious dose, toxin-producing capacity, food matrix, duration of exposure, age, immune status, nutritional condition, and comorbidities may influence clinical outcomes.
causative microorganism, microbial virulence factors, intestinal epithelial function, host immune mechanisms
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
RADICULAR PAIN SYNDROME: CLINICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, RISK FACTORS, DIAGNOSIS, AND EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPREHENSIVE CONSERVATIVE THERAPY AND REHABILITATION
Introduction. Radicular pain syndrome (RPS) is one of the leading causes of temporary disability among working-age individuals, particularly those engaged in heavy physical labor. The specificity of occupational load contributes to accelerated degeneration of intervertebral discs, while traditional criteria for assessing treatment efficacy do not adequately reflect functional outcomes. Aim. To summarize the results of a comprehensive study of the clinical and demographic features, risk factors, diagnosis, conservative therapy, algorithms for acute pain relief, and rehabilitation of RPS with a focus on preserving work capacity and quality of life. Materials and methods. In 2024–2025, 120 men aged 19–45 years with vertebrogenic RPS of lumbosacral localization were examined (retrospective and prospective, randomized comparative, and cross-sectional designs). Pain was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS), functional status – using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI); MRI and electroneuromyography (ENMG) were applied. Results. The leading risk factors were lifting heavy loads (>25–30 kg), vibration (herniation risk increased 2.4-fold), and physical inactivity. Discrepancy between clinical and MRI levels of lesion was found in 28% of cases, subclinical denervation – in 14%. Conservative therapy provided ≥50% improvement in VAS in 88.3% of patients; surgery was required in 3.3%. The optimized algorithm increased return to work by day 5 from 45% to 82%. Individualized rehabilitation increased the strength of back extensor muscles by 45.6% (versus 18.2%) and ensured readiness for full load in 95% of patients. Conclusion. The results justify the implementation of comprehensive protocols for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of RPS aimed at preserving work capacity.
Radicular pain syndrome, vertebrogenic radiculopathy, quality of life, Oswestry Disability Index, conservative therapy, rehabilitation, work capacity
This scientific article discusses the current knowledge around the origin of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. The paper explores the natural history of the virus before it became a global pandemic, its emergence in human populations, and its transmission routes from animal hosts to humans. Special attention is given to socio-economic, ecological, and historical factors contributing to the crossing of the species barrier and the spread of HIV infection. The article concludes with an assessment of modern-day understandings, ongoing research, and future perspectives.
HIV, origin, zoonosis, primates, emergence, social factors, virus transmission, Africa, SIV, pandemic.
THE COMPOSITION OF THE SKIN MICROBIOTA IN CHILDREN AND ITS ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ACNE
Acne is a common dermatological disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the skin and manifesting mainly in adolescence. The defeat of aesthetically significant areas inevitably reduces the quality of life of patients. This article discusses modern methods of studying the skin microbiome, describes the species composition of microorganisms in newborns and the dynamics of its changes as they grow older. Special attention is paid to the role of Cutibacterium acnes in the pathogenesis of acne as the dominant taxon in the microbiota of areas with a high density of sebaceous glands.
Children, skin, pathogenesis acne, microbiota.
NON-LACTATIONAL MASTITIS: SURGICAL MANAGEMENT AND MORPHOLOGICALLY GUIDED DECISION-MAKING ALGORITHM
This article systematizes current evidence on surgical treatment of non-lactational mastitis (NLM) and substantiates a differentiated operative decision-making algorithm based on ultrasound parameters of the abscess cavity and the morphological maturity of the pyogenic membrane. US-guided aspiration is shown to achieve primary success in 78–85% of cases for abscesses ≤3 cm. It is demonstrated that excision of a mature pyogenic membrane (>4 mm) constitutes a mandatory, non-optional operative component. Surgery combined with steroids is shown to reduce GLM recurrence to 4.0% versus 20.9% with steroid monotherapy, while total ductectomy for periductal mastitis reduces recurrence to 4–8% versus 28–42% with standard drainage. Integration of ultrasound parameters and pyogenic membrane morphological maturity into a unified algorithm is substantiated as an evidence-based approach to improving surgical outcomes in NLM.
Non-lactational mastitis, surgical algorithm, ultrasound-guided aspiration, VAC therapy, pyogenic membrane, periductal mastitis, ductectomy, granulomatous mastitis.
SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME: ETIOPATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, CONTEMPORARY DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES, AND EVIDENCE BASED THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES
Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS), particularly obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), has become one of the most significant challenges in modern medicine, extending beyond the fields of cardiology and endocrinology. Sleep apnea syndrome is a chronic, multifactorial disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete cessation of breathing during sleep. This condition not only impairs normal sleep quality but also contributes to the development of severe cardiovascular, endocrine, neurological, and metabolic complications. This review comprehensively discusses the etiological factors and pathogenetic mechanisms underlying sleep apnea syndrome, the diversity of its clinical manifestations, contemporary diagnostic approaches, and current evidence-based treatment strategies. Particular emphasis is placed on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, which remains the gold-standard treatment for moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea.
Sleep apnea syndrome; obstructive sleep apnea; polysomnography; continuous positive airway pressure; intermittent hypoxia; apnea-hypopnea index; cardiovascular complications.
HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL AND MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN KNEE MENISCI IN WOMEN: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Background: Age-related degeneration of the knee menisci is a major contributor to knee osteoarthritis, which disproportionately affects women, particularly after menopause. Systematic histomorphological and morphometric characterisation of meniscal ageing in women remains insufficiently studied in Central Asian populations. Objectives: To characterise histomorphological and morphometric features of age-related changes in the knee menisci of women across reproductive and post-reproductive age groups in Uzbekistan. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Branch of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Centre of Traumatology and Orthopaedics (Khorezm Regional Multidisciplinary Medical Centre). Meniscal specimens were obtained from 112 women stratified into four age groups: Group I (25–44 years, n=28), Group II (45–54 years, n=30), Group III (55–64 years, n=28), and Group IV (65–78 years, n=26). Specimens were stained with haematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, and Safranin-O/Fast Green. Morphometric parameters included fibrochondrocyte density (cells/mm²), collagen fibre alignment index (CFAI), and proteoglycan optical density (SafO-OD) measured by digital image analysis. Results: Fibrochondrocyte density declined significantly from 47.3±5.8 cells/mm² (Group I) to 20.1±4.4 cells/mm² (Group IV; p<0.001). CFAI increased from 11.9°±2.7° to 42.8°±7.3° (p<0.001), indicating progressive collagen disorganisation. Inner zone SafO-OD declined by 66% between Groups I and IV (0.90±0.08 vs. 0.31±0.06; p<0.001). The most rapid deterioration occurred between Groups II and III, corresponding to the perimenopausal decade. Medial menisci showed significantly greater degeneration than lateral menisci (p<0.05). Conclusions: Age-related meniscal degeneration in women from Khorezm region follows a progressive, zone-specific trajectory with accelerated deterioration during the perimenopausal period, providing a morphological basis for the elevated osteoarthritis risk in postmenopausal women.
Knee meniscus; age-related changes; morphology; morphometry; women; menopause; osteoarthritis; histology; Uzbekistan.
NURSING CARE IN CHILDREN WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the most common chronic endocrine disorders affecting children and adolescents worldwide. The disease develops as a result of autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency and persistent hyperglycemia. Unlike type 2 diabetes mellitus, children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes require lifelong insulin replacement therapy and continuous monitoring of blood glucose levels. The incidence of pediatric type 1 diabetes has increased steadily over the past decades, making it a significant public health concern. Without appropriate treatment and regular follow-up, the disease may lead to severe acute complications such as hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and diabetic coma, as well as long-term microvascular and macrovascular complications that negatively affect quality of life.Nursing care is an essential component of comprehensive diabetes management in children. Pediatric nurses play a crucial role in early assessment, continuous monitoring, insulin administration, nutritional counseling, prevention of complications, psychological support, and patient-family education. Effective nursing interventions contribute to maintaining optimal glycemic control, reducing hospitalization rates, preventing disease-related complications, and improving both physical and psychosocial outcomes. Furthermore, educating parents and caregivers regarding insulin administration techniques, blood glucose monitoring, carbohydrate counting, healthy nutrition, physical activity, and emergency management of hypo- and hyperglycemia significantly improves treatment adherence and disease self-management.The nursing process for children with type 1 diabetes includes systematic assessment, identification of nursing diagnoses, planning individualized nursing interventions, implementation of evidence-based care, and continuous evaluation of patient outcomes. Nurses are also responsible for recognizing early signs of metabolic imbalance, maintaining infection prevention measures, monitoring growth and development, and promoting healthy lifestyle habits appropriate for the child's age.This article discusses the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment principles, and particularly the role of nursing care in managing pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus. It also highlights the importance of family-centered care, multidisciplinary collaboration, patient education, and evidence-based nursing practice in improving long-term health outcomes and quality of life for children living with this chronic condition.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus, children, nursing care, insulin therapy, pediatric nursing, blood glucose monitoring, hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis.
HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF MICROMYCETE CONTAMINATION IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND ITS ROLE IN ALLERGIC RISK: A LITERATURE REVIEW
This article provides a detailed review of the hygienic significance of indoor micromycete (mold) contamination in residential buildings, its structural and microclimatic determinants, and its relationship to allergic health risk, based on an analysis of international and regional literature. Mechanisms of fungal proliferation, allergenic and toxigenic species, epidemiological associations, and approaches to hygienic risk assessment and prognosis are discussed in detail within the context of the Fergana region.
Micromycetes, indoor air quality, residential buildings, allergic risk, hygienic assessment, mold contamination, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, mycotoxins, microclimate, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, sanitary-epidemiological monitoring, risk prognosis, environmental hygiene.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS FOR ADHD AND DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY IN CHILDREN: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
This article presents a systematic literature review of neuropsychological interventions targeting executive function deficits, working memory, and attentional regulation in children diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and developmental delay (DD). Publications from 2003 to 2024 indexed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO were systematically searched and analysed. The review covers theoretical foundations of executive function deficits in ADHD and DD, evidence base for cognitive training, behavioural, and combined neuropsychological interventions, and moderating factors including age, comorbidity, cultural context, and implementation setting. The analysis indicates that structured neuropsychological intervention programmes produce meaningful improvements in working memory (effect sizes d = 0.40–0.87), sustained attention, and inhibitory control, with combined cognitive-behavioural approaches showing the most consistent outcomes. However, the long-term maintenance of gains and cross-cultural generalisability of findings remain insufficiently studied, particularly in Central Asian educational contexts.
ADHD, developmental delay, neuropsychological interventions, executive functions, working memory, systematic review, children.
ASSESSMENT OF CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF VARIOUS FORMS OF ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS IN CHILDREN
Allergic conjunctivitis is one of the most common allergic pathologies of the visual organ in children and is a serious medical and social problem due to its high prevalence, tendency to recurrent course and negative impact on the quality of life of the child. Despite the achievements of modern ophthalmology and allergology, the issues of early diagnosis, objective assessment of the activity of the inflammatory process, immunological mechanisms of disease development and control of the effectiveness of therapy remain insufficiently studied.
Allergic conjunctivitis, children, immunological parameters, IgE, IL-6, IL-10, treatment, quality of life.
PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF CARDIOMETABOLIC AND GENETIC FACTORS AND ARTERIAL STIFFNESS INDICES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
This article reviews the prognostic significance of cardiometabolic and genetic factors (APOB, PCSK9, MMP9, FADS1, SIRT1) and arterial stiffness indices, assessed via pulse wave velocity, in the development of ischemic heart disease (IHD), based on an analysis of existing literature. Their molecular mechanisms, clinical correlations, and approaches to improving an integral risk model are discussed in detail.
Ischemic heart disease, cardiometabolic factors, genetic polymorphism, APOB, PCSK9, MMP9, FADS1, SIRT1, arterial stiffness, pulse wave velocity, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, prognostic model, early diagnosis.
ANATOMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE STUMP OF THE SHIN AFTER AMPUTATION AND THEIR IMPORTANCE FOR MODERN PROSTHETICS
Lower limb amputation remains a pressing issue in traumatology, orthopedics, and rehabilitation. Despite advances in treatment for vascular pathologies, diabetes, and the consequences of trauma, the number of patients requiring prosthetics remains high. This review systematizes literature data on the anatomical and morphological changes in the tibia stump tissues after amputation and their impact on the functional characteristics of the prosthesis. This work is based on an analysis of domestic and international sources examining the transformation of the bone, vascular, nervous systems, and soft tissues. Theoretical conclusions are compared with practical aspects of modern prosthetics, documented during a visit to a specialized facility. It has been established that bone remodeling, microcirculatory disorders, neuroma formation, phantom pain syndrome, and soft tissue changes are key factors determining the condition of the stump. Scientific consensus indicates that taking these characteristics into account when designing prostheses reduces the risk of complications and improves the effectiveness of rehabilitation.
Lower limb amputation, lower leg stump, prosthetics, morphological changes, neuroma, phantom pain, microcirculation, rehabilitation.
THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM AND ITS ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERTENSION
This article examines the role of the renin-angiotensin -aldosterone system (RAAS) in the development of arterial hypertension, as well as its pathogenesis, modern diagnostic and treatment methods. The impact of RAAS hyperactivation on vascular tone, sodium retention, and cardiovascular complications is highlighted.
Renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, hypertension, vasoconstriction, endothelium, nephropathy, myocardium, hemodynamics, atherosclerosis, hypoxia, fibrosis, sodium, catecholamine, autoregulation.
LABORATORY SIGNIFICANCE OF SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY MARKERS IN VARIOUS FORMS OF BRUCELLOSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF TREATMENT
Human brucellosis, an endemic zoonosis triggered by intracellular pathogens of the genus Brucella, continues to pose severe clinical challenges due to its extensive systemic polymorphism and a high propensity for chronic progression. Conventional serological and bacteriological assays confirm target exposure but fail to map real-time immunological stress or track localized tissue damage during therapeutic courses. Identifying precise biochemical indicators is therefore vital to improve clinical staging and avoid long-term disability.
Brucellosis, systemic inflammation, biomarkers, cytokines, diagnosis.
BIOCHEMICAL BLOOD PARAMETERS OF RABBITS FED WITH PROBIOTICS
This study analyses the effect of probiotic preparations on physiological processes in the rabbit organism, in particular on the erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, haemoglobin level, and other haematological blood parameters. Probiotics may exert a positive influence on the animal organism by normalising the intestinal microflora, improving the digestion of nutrients, and supporting the functioning of the immune system.
Rabbit, probiotic, blood, morphological parameters, erythrocyte, leukocyte, haemoglobin, haematological analysis, intestinal microflora, immunity.
DIETARY FACTORS IN DECIDUOUS TEETH CARIES: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND SCIENTIFIC-THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of dietary factors implicated in the development of deciduous teeth caries in children, integrating contemporary scientific evidence on the biochemical, microbiological, and pathophysiological mechanisms through which specific nutritional patterns drive caries initiation and progression. The study examines the role of fermentable carbohydrates, the frequency versus quantity paradigm of sugar exposure, the cariogenicity hierarchy among different sugar types, the protective and demineralizing properties of various food categories, and the specific pathophysiology of nursing bottle caries associated with prolonged liquid carbohydrate exposure. The findings establish that dietary cariogenicity operates through a multifactorial biochemical cascade involving bacterial fermentation, pH dynamics, and the demineralization-remineralization equilibrium, providing a mechanistic foundation for evidence-based dietary counseling in pediatric caries prevention.
Deciduous teeth caries, dietary factors, fermentable carbohydrates, cariogenicity, Streptococcus mutans, demineralization, remineralization, nursing bottle caries, sugar frequency, dental plaque biofilm, dietary counseling, early childhood caries, oral microbiome, sucrose metabolism, pH dynamics.
COVID - 19 IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
In patients of the older age group, with additional e.g. those with hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular system disorders, it was noted that they were more prone to the development of an acute form of the disease and the risk of death. Most patients diagnosed with confirmed COVID-19 usually have symptoms such as fever, dry cough, dyspnoe, weakness and myalgia. Less common symptoms in coronavirus diseases include headache, dizziness, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. Patients with COVID-19 usually have respiratory symptoms such as dry cough and sore throat, which are accompanied by headaches, fever and myalgia.
COVID-19, cardiovascular diseases, clinical course, cough, arythmia, complications, treatment.
CLINICAL-STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING TOOTH EXTRACTION AND MODERN SCIENTIFIC-THEORETICAL BASES OF THEIR PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TREATMENT METHODS
This article examines the principal complications arising after tooth extraction, their documented frequency distribution, predisposing risk factors, and the contemporary theoretical and clinical bases for their primary and secondary management. The study analyzes alveolar osteitis, post-extraction hemorrhage, localized infection, nerve injury, and adjacent tissue trauma as the most clinically significant post-extraction complications, presenting illustrative statistical data on their relative frequency and distribution across patient subgroups defined by systemic health status, procedural complexity, and behavioral risk factors. Evidence-based primary prevention strategies and secondary treatment approaches are reviewed within the framework of contemporary oral surgery science. The findings underscore that the majority of post-extraction complications are preventable through rigorous pre-operative assessment and standardized atraumatic procedural technique, while secondary management requires prompt clinical recognition, accurate pathophysiological classification, and targeted intervention specific to each complication type.
Tooth extraction, post-extraction complications, alveolar osteitis, dry socket, post-extraction hemorrhage, alveolar infection, nerve injury, primary prevention, secondary treatment, oral surgery, wound healing, socket management, risk factors, clinical protocol, atraumatic technique
PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND CLINICAL PICTURE OF DECIDUOUS TEETH CARIES IN CHILDREN A COMPLEX ANALYSIS OF ETIOPATHOGENESIS, MORPHOLOGY AND CLINICAL COURSE BASED ON CONTEMPORARY SCIENTIFIC DATA
This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the etiopathogenesis, morphological characteristics, and clinical course of deciduous teeth caries in children, integrating contemporary scientific evidence on the microbiological, biochemical, and structural mechanisms underlying caries initiation and progression in the primary dentition. The study examines the distinctive histological features of deciduous enamel and dentine that render the primary dentition particularly vulnerable to rapid caries progression, reviews the principal etiological factors and their interaction within the established multifactorial caries model, and characterizes the clinical staging and presentation patterns specific to early childhood caries. The findings confirm that the pathological anatomy of deciduous caries is distinguished from permanent dentition caries by a series of structural and biological features that collectively accelerate lesion progression and necessitate earlier and more aggressive clinical intervention.
Deciduous teeth caries, early childhood caries, etiopathogenesis, pathological anatomy, enamel demineralization, dentine morphology, Streptococcus mutans, caries progression, clinical staging, primary dentition, caries morphology, pulp involvement, nursing bottle caries, caries risk factors, pediatric dentistry.
IMMUNIZATION RULES FOR PREMATURE NEWBORNS
Immunization of premature newborns is a critical component of neonatal healthcare aimed at protecting this high-risk group from severe infectious diseases. Due to the immaturity of their immune system, premature infants are more vulnerable to infections; therefore, vaccination schedules must be carefully adapted based on gestational age, birth weight, and clinical stability rather than chronological age alone. Modern clinical guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) emphasize that most routine vaccines should be administered to premature infants according to the same chronological schedule as full-term infants, provided the newborn is clinically stable. Special attention is required for extremely low birth weight infants, particularly regarding hepatitis B vaccination, where maternal HBsAg status significantly influences timing and dosing strategy.
Premature newborns, immunization, neonatal vaccination schedule, immune system immaturity, hepatitis B vaccine, WHO guidelines, CDC recommendations, neonatal care, vaccine safety.
THE ROLE OF HORMONAL FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS
Osteoporosis is a common systemic skeletal disease characterized by decreased bone mineral density and impaired bone quality, resulting in increased bone fragility and a higher risk of fractures. The maintenance of skeletal integrity depends on a complex network of hormonal regulators that coordinate bone formation and resorption throughout life. Among these, sex steroids, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, glucocorticoids, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), calcitonin, and thyroid hormones play key roles in preserving normal bone remodeling. Hormonal influences on bone health are particularly evident during ageing. In women, menopause-related estrogen deficiency is the major factor driving accelerated bone loss, largely through increased osteoclast activity and disruption of the regulatory pathways that maintain the balance between bone resorption and bone formation. In men, age-associated declines in testosterone and IGF-1 also contribute to progressive deterioration of both cortical and trabecular bone. This review examines the major hormonal mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and highlights recent advances in our understanding of endocrine regulation of bone metabolism. Particular attention is given to the clinical implications of these hormonal interactions for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis, bone mineral density, estrogen deficiency, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, testosterone, glucocorticoids, bone remodelling, hormonal factors.
Supervisor: Negmatova Gulzoda Shuhratovna
CLINICAL AND PROGNOSTIC MARKERS OF CARDIORENAL SYNDROME PROGRESSION AND THEIR ROLE IN PERSONALIZED TREATMENT
Cardiorenal syndrome is a relevant problem in modern cardiology and nephrology, associated with the mutual deterioration of cardiac and renal function. This article discusses clinical and prognostic markers of cardiorenal syndrome progression, including reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate, elevated NT-proBNP levels, albuminuria, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and signs of venous congestion. It is shown that a comprehensive assessment of these parameters makes it possible to identify high-risk patients and justify a personalized approach to treatment. Individualized therapy contributes to reducing the frequency of heart failure decompensation and slowing the progression of renal dysfunction.
Cardiorenal syndrome, chronic heart failure, chronic kidney disease, albuminuria, NT-proBNP, eGFR, personalized treatment.
APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HUMAN GENOMIC RESEARCH AND PRECISION MEDICINE
Background: The volume of human genomic data generated by whole-genome sequencing, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and multi-omics platforms now far exceeds the interpretive capacity of conventional bioinformatic pipelines. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) methods have emerged as essential tools for extracting clinically and biologically meaningful signals from these datasets. Main Findings: This review critically examines four major application domains: (1) pathogenic variant interpretation and functional annotation, where models such as AlphaFold2 and ACMG/AMP-guided ML classifiers have substantially improved resolution of variants of uncertain significance (VUS); (2) disease prediction and polygenic risk scoring, particularly for cancer and complex multifactorial conditions; (3) drug discovery and pharmacogenomics, including AI-driven target identification and personalised therapeutic selection; and (4) deep learning architectures in genomics, encompassing transformer-based sequence models, genomic foundation models such as the Nucleotide Transformer and DNABERT-2, and multi-omics integration frameworks. Significance: Despite compelling advances, critical barriers impede clinical translation: algorithmic bias arising from the historical underrepresentation of non-European ancestries in training datasets, limited model explainability, data privacy constraints, and fragmented regulatory frameworks. Federated learning and explainable AI (XAI) strategies are discussed as promising mitigation approaches. This review argues that realising the full potential of AI in precision genomic medicine requires not only technical innovation but also deliberate efforts towards equitable data collection and transparent model development.
Artificial intelligence; genomics; precision medicine; deep learning; polygenic risk scores; variant interpretation; pharmacogenomics; foundation models.
EFFECTIVENESS OF BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY IN INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE ORAL MUCOSA IN CHILDREN
This article describes methods for treating stomatitis that develops against the background of viral diseases in children, as well as the practical application of improved and refined techniques in this field of medicine. The ways of improving the treatment of stomatitis developing against the background of viral diseases in paediatric dentistry are analysed from a scientific standpoint. A comparative analysis of this treatment method with the treatment approaches currently used in practice is also carried out, and its practical significance is demonstrated.
Viral infections, stomatitis, bacteriophage, drug, microflora, antiseptic treatment, disinfection, antiviral therapy, regeneration, immunity.
The application of medicinal substances is a fundamental component of nursing and clinical practice that ensures effective prevention, treatment, and management of diseases. It involves the correct selection, dosage calculation, administration routes, and monitoring of drug effects on the human body. Safe and effective medication use requires a deep understanding of pharmacological principles, patient assessment, and adherence to clinical protocols. In modern healthcare systems, nurses play a key role in medication administration, including oral, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, inhalation, and topical routes. Each method requires specific technical skills, strict adherence to aseptic techniques, and careful observation of patient responses. Incorrect drug administration can lead to serious complications such as toxicity, allergic reactions, or therapeutic failure, highlighting the importance of precision and responsibility in nursing practice.
Medicinal substances, pharmacology, drug administration, nursing practice, dosage calculation, intravenous therapy, oral medication, intramuscular injection, patient safety
NURSING CARE IN HIRUDOTHERAPY AND OXYGEN THERAPY
Hirudotherapy and oxygen therapy are important therapeutic methods widely used in modern healthcare for the management of various medical conditions. Hirudotherapy, which involves the medical application of leeches, has been recognized for its anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and microcirculation-enhancing effects. Oxygen therapy, on the other hand, is an essential supportive treatment used to improve tissue oxygenation in patients suffering from respiratory, cardiovascular, and other systemic disorders. Effective nursing care plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety, effectiveness, and successful outcomes of both therapeutic procedures.
Hirudotherapy, oxygen therapy, nursing care, patient monitoring, oxygen administration, medicinal leeches, infection prevention, respiratory support
EFFECT ON POSTPARTUM DEVELOPMENT OF LYMPHOID TISSUES IN PROGENY AIRWAY WALLS DUE TO CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS
In recent decades, environmental pollution has become one of the most important environmental and medical problems on a global scale. The expansion of industrial production, the acceleration of urbanization, the increase in the number of vehicles, and the development of the energy sector have led to the pollution of atmospheric air with various chemical substances. The presence of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, various aerosol particles, heavy metals, and other toxic components in the composition of atmospheric air has a significant negative impact on human health. In particular, the chronic impact of these factors can cause morphofunctional changes in the functioning of various systems of the body.
nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone
ALLERGIC DERMATITIS IN CHILDREN: RISK FACTORS, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Allergic dermatitis in children is one of the most common forms of allergic skin diseases, characterized by inflammatory skin changes, itching, and increased sensitivity of the body to various allergens. The disease significantly affects the quality of life of children and may lead to sleep disturbances, emotional disorders, and an increased risk of developing other allergic conditions. This article discusses the main causes of allergic dermatitis in children, the characteristics of its clinical course, and modern approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Particular attention is paid to the role of hereditary predisposition, food allergens, and household allergens in the development of the disease.
Allergic dermatitis, children, allergy, skin diseases, allergens, atopic dermatitis, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, immune system.
IMPROVING NURSING EDUCATION IN UZBEKISTAN: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF CURRENT CHALLENGES AND INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES
Nursing education plays a critical role in strengthening healthcare systems and improving patient outcomes. As healthcare needs become increasingly complex, the demand for highly qualified nursing professionals continues to grow worldwide. Uzbekistan has undertaken substantial healthcare reforms since gaining independence; however, challenges remain in the development of nursing education and workforce competencies. This literature review examines the current state of nursing education in Uzbekistan based on the report *Improving Nursing Education in the Republic of Uzbekistan and explores international experiences, particularly those of the Republic of Korea. The review identifies major challenges related to educational standards, curriculum quality, clinical training, and professional development. Furthermore, it discusses potential strategies for modernizing nursing education and aligning it with international standards. The findings suggest that strengthening higher nursing education, implementing accreditation systems, enhancing clinical practice opportunities, and expanding advanced nursing roles are essential for improving healthcare quality and nursing professionalism in Uzbekistan.
Nursing education, nursing workforce, healthcare reform, Uzbekistan, nursing competency, higher education, Republic of Korea.