Web of Agriculture: Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences
Web of Agriculture: Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences is an open access peer reviewed international journal. It publishes original research papers reporting experimental and theoretical contributions to field-based agronomy and crop science. The journal will consider research at the field level for agricultural, horticultural and biological sciences, that uses comprehensive and explanatory approaches. The Journal covers the following topics: Agriculture Science: Crop physiology, crop production and management including irrigation, fertilization and soil management, agroclimatology and modelling, plant-soil relationships, crop quality and post-harvest physiology, farming and cropping systems, agroecosystems and the environment, crop-weed interactions and management, organic farming, horticultural crops. Entomology: Parasitoids, predators, and pathogens and their use through importation, augmentation, and/or habitat management strategies Plant Pathology: Antagonism, competition, cross-protection, hyper-parasitism, hypovirulence, and soil suppressiveness through naturally occurring and introduced agents Nematology: Predators, parasitoids, and pathogens in biological control through augmentation and/or habitat management strategies and suppressive soils through naturally occurring and introduced agents Weed Science: Vertebrates, invertebrates, and pathogens and their use through classical, augmentative, or bioherbicidal tactics. Molecular Technology: Advances in the understanding of biological control agents and their mechanisms. In determining the suitability of submitted articles for publication, particular scrutiny is placed on the degree of novelty and significance of the research and the extent to which it adds to existing knowledge in agronomy. Publication Frequency: 12 Issues Per Year (Monthly) ISSN (E): 2938-3781 IFSIJ JIF: 7.335 Journal Abbreviation: Web agric.
AGROTECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF CULTIVATING BLACK CUMIN (NIGELLA SATIVA L.) IN SALINE SOILS
The effective cultivation of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) under saline soil conditions requires the scientifically based implementation of agro-technical measures. Achieving high crop productivity is associated with timely and proper execution of pre-sowing soil preparation, sowing operations, crop management during the vegetation period, and harvesting activities. This article presents data on the agro-technological practices and economic efficiency of cultivating Nigella sativa L. in the soils of the Tashkent region.
Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), soil, efficiency, seed, yield, income, cost.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
FORECASTING HUNGER BEFORE THE HARVEST: A SOVEREIGN, EARLY, AND UNCERTAINTY AWARE CROP YIELD AND FOOD SECURITY EARLY WARNING FRAMEWORK FOR CLIMATE EXPOSED IRRIGATED SYSTEMS, WITH AN ORIGINAL HYBRID OBSERVATION AND SIMULATION ENGINE (HOSIL)
In 2025 the world received an unwelcome demonstration of how fragile its hunger warning infrastructure had become. The Famine Early Warning Systems Network, the gold standard that had for four decades forecast food crises months in advance, was abruptly taken offline in January when its single donor was dismantled, and although it resumed later in the year, the episode exposed a structural dependence that no food insecure country should accept. This paper argues that the appropriate response is not merely to restore the old arrangement but to build sovereign, low cost, scientifically rigorous national capacity for crop yield and food security forecasting that can survive donor shocks, that warns early enough to enable action rather than only to record disaster, and that is honest about its own uncertainty. We synthesize the established discipline of agricultural early warning and crop yield forecasting with the current methodological frontier, namely the fusion of process-based crop simulation models, machine learning, and Earth observation data assimilation, and with the operational practice of anticipatory action, in which pre-arranged financing is released automatically when forecast triggers are met. As the central contribution we propose an original system, not yet implemented, which we name HOSIL, a Hybrid Observation and Simulation Intelligence for Livelihoods. HOSIL assimilates Earth observation state variables derived from geospatial foundation model embeddings and multitemporal radar and optical data into a calibrated crop model, couples that mechanistic core with a label efficient machine learning correction trained partly on synthetic data, forecasts yield progressively through the season with shrinking and quantified uncertainty, translates the forecast distribution into a national food balance, and converts that balance into costed anticipatory action triggers. We specify the architecture and the rationale for each design choice, set out a validation design that could refute the approach, and analyze its failure modes without flinching, including the cost of false alarms, the blindness of crop models to conflict driven hunger, the capacity required for sovereign operation, and the moral hazard of automated triggers. We close with prioritized recommendations and a phased, buildable roadmap. The contribution is a defensible architecture for turning open data and open models into timely, accountable, and nationally owned warnings that are followed by action.
Food security; famine early warning; crop yield forecasting; data assimilation; hybrid crop modeling; geospatial foundation models; anticipatory action; forecast based financing; uncertainty; Central Asia; winter wheat; sovereign monitoring.
TYPES OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS USED IN COTTON AND APPLICATION RATES
From an agricultural point of view, fertilizer should be applied in such a way that it allows to increase the cotton yield, and the resulting additional crop covers all the costs associated with the application of fertilizers. The rate of potassium fertilization with phosphorus is determined depending on the amount of mobile phosphorus in the soil and the amount of exchangeable potassium. This ratio of phosphorus and potassium increases by 10% in marginal soils and decreases by 10% in fertile soils. The above calculations for fertilizers are not yet perfect. However, other methods of calculating the fertilizer rate cannot fully satisfy the basic requirements for maximum additional crop production if less fertilizer is used per unit of crop. But the important thing is that every kilogram of nitrogen given to cotton yields at least 14-15 kg of cotton.
Cotton growing, cotton crop, additional crop, fertilization, mobile phosphorus in the soil, fertilizer rate, ammonium nitrate, nitrogen fertilizers, ammonia water, diluted ammonia, ammoniated superphosphate.
PRIMARY SEED PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT ON THE MAIZE VARIETY “UZBEKISTAN-2018”
This article presents the results of primary seed production activities conducted on the newly developed maize variety “Uzbekistan-2018”. Maize is one of the most important agricultural crops worldwide and serves as a valuable source of food, feed grain, and silage. In Uzbekistan, more than 150 thousand hectares are annually cultivated for grain production and over 200 thousand hectares are used for silage production as a secondary crop. The “Uzbekistan-2018” maize variety was developed by scientists of the Research Institute of Livestock and Poultry Farming and was included in the State Register of Agricultural Crops in 2019. Maintaining varietal purity through scientifically based primary seed production is essential for preserving genetic characteristics and producing high-quality elite seeds. The study evaluated morphological traits, including plant height and thousand-kernel weight, under field conditions. The average plant height ranged from 265.8 to 269.0 cm among the selected families, while the average weight of 1,000 seeds was 345 g. Elite seed production was successfully organized on 3 hectares of experimental fields, resulting in the production of 36 tons of elite seeds.
Maize, variety, seed production, elite seed, plant height, grain yield, silage, thousand-kernel weight.
ACTINOMYCETES AS BIOINDICATORS OF SOIL DEGRADATION PROCESSES
This article analyzes the patterns of quantitative changes in actinomycetes in soil types and sub-types with different degrees of degradation (eroded and saline). The study examines the indicator value of actinomycetes in assessing the ecological state of the soil, their sensitivity to degradation factors, and their relationship with the physicochemical properties of the soil. It was shown that with increasing soil degradation, the number of actinomycetes tends to decrease. It was also found that there are correlations between the amount of organic matter, humus level, and salinity indicators and the quantitative changes in actinomycetes. The data obtained justify the possibility of using actinomycetes as bioindicators in assessing soil degradation.
Actinomycetes, soil degradation, erosion, salinity, soil microflora, bioindicator, soil fertility, microbiological analysis.
IMPROVEMENT OF MELIORATION OF MEADOW SAZ SOILS
Most of the irrigated soils of our republic were developed in the last century and included in the list of soils used in agriculture. In the majority of reclaimed soils, the effects of natural factors that continuously create and develop salinity, such as the composition of the soil-forming parent rock, the shallow location and mineralization of seepage waters, increase their tendency to re-salinization, and the issues of improving the land reclamation and increasing the effective productivity of these soils are still relevant.
AGROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL GRAY SOILS OF THE FERGANA REGION, OLDLY IRRIGATED
The article examines and studies the agrochemical properties of typical irrigated gray soils of the Fergana Valley, namely humus, amino acids, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and the granulometric composition of the soils.
Agrochemical properties of typical gray soils, humus, amino acids, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, granulometric composition of soils.
HYDROGEOLOGICAL MODELING OF PROCESSES IN INTENSIVELY IRRIGATED AREAS: A CASE STUDY OF THE MALIK AREA
This study presents the results of mathematical modeling of hydrogeological processes in intensively irrigated areas using the Malik experimental site as a case study. The investigated area is characterized by a four-layer hydrogeological structure consisting of cover sandy loams and loams, gravel-bearing sand deposits, low-permeable loam layers, and underlying sandy aquifers. A pumping test conducted at well 2ts and observation wells was used to evaluate the hydrogeological parameters of the aquifer system. Preliminary hydraulic conductivity coefficients were determined using the AquiferTest software package, followed by calibration of a numerical groundwater flow model. During the modeling process, calculated groundwater levels were compared with observed data, and filtration parameters together with storage coefficients were adjusted to minimize discrepancies between measured and simulated groundwater heads. The calibrated hydraulic conductivity values were determined as 0.03 m/day for cover loams, 5 m/day for gravelly sands, 0.02 m/day for dense loams, and 14 m/day for fine-grained sands. The results showed that irrigation infiltration and collector-drainage systems significantly influence groundwater regime formation in intensively irrigated areas. The developed mathematical model can be used for groundwater regime prediction and assessment of meliorative conditions in irrigated lands.
Hydrogeological modeling, groundwater flow, pumping test, AquiferTest, hydraulic conductivity, groundwater regime, infiltration, irrigated areas, collector-drainage network, numerical model, Malik experimental site.
FIRST DATA ON THE TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION OF LEECHES FROM THE KHOJAIPOK RIVER, SURKHANDARYA BASIN, UZBEKISTAN
This study presents the first data on the leech fauna of the Khojaipok river (Southern Uzbekistan) based on field surveys conducted in 2024–2025. Sampling was performed across different aquatic biotopes using standard hydrobiological methods. Four leech species belonging to three families and four suborders of the order Hirudinida were identified.
Species, Hirudinida, hydrobiont, Southern Uzbekistan.
APPLE GROWING IN INTENSIVE HORTICULTURE: ANALYSIS OF TECHNOLOGY AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE
This work highlights the importance of modern methods of organizing intensive apple orchards, including land selection, planting scheme, variety selection, irrigation system, and agrotechnical measures. Also, the agrotechnical work carried out in the experimental field during 2024–2026 is analyzed and their impact on yield and fruit quality is substantiated.
Intensive gardening, apple orchard, agrotechnology, high yield, drip irrigation, fertigation, planting scheme, fruit trees, agrotechnical measures, soil fertility, variety selection, pest control.
THE PHYTOHORMONE SYNTHESIZING PROPERTY OF THE BACTERIUM PSEUDOMONAS CHLORORAPHIS
In this study, the mechanisms of phytohormone production of plant hormones, including secretion fluid, chemicals, and plant hormones by the soil microorganism Pseudomonas chlororaphis were observed. The ability of the Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain to synthesize phytohormones was studied based on cultures grown in MPB (Meat Peptone Broth) liquid nutrient medium.
Pseudomonas chlororaphis, gibberellin, rhizobacterium, auxin, phytohormone, laminar boxing, PGPR, MPB, Folin.
THE IMPACT OF SOIL SALINITY ON THE GROWTH DYNAMICS OF FOREIGN AND LOCAL COTTON VARIETIES
This article comprehensively investigates the growth dynamics and developmental characteristics of both local and foreign cotton varieties cultivated under saline soil conditions. The empirical research was systematically conducted during the critical developmental stages of squaring, flowering, and boll formation, carefully comparing plant responses in both non-saline and moderately saline soil environments. According to the obtained results, it was conclusively determined that soil salinity significantly diminished the overall growth rate across all the examined agricultural varieties. In particular, the fundamental disruption of vital physiological processes, encompassing water exchange mechanisms and mineral nutrition absorption, served as the primary causative factor for the notable reduction in overall plant height. While the 'Bukhara-8' and 'Xinluzao-78' cultivars successfully maintained relatively superior growth indicators and demonstrated a commendable degree of resilience under adverse saline conditions, the 'Zhongmian-88' and 'Zhongmian-113' varieties were distinctly characterised by their pronounced sensitivity and vulnerability to salt stress. The scientific findings derived from this study hold paramount importance for the targeted selection of salt-tolerant varieties specifically suited for cultivation in salinised agricultural areas, the continuous advancement of contemporary breeding programmes, and the strategic optimisation of applied agrotechnical measures to ensure sustainable crop yields.
Cotton varieties, Soil salinity, Growth dynamics, Salt stress tolerance, Physiological processes, Agrotechnology.
CHANGES IN PHOSPHORUS AND ITS GROUP COMPOSITION IN IRRIGATED MEADOW SEDGE SOILS
The article discusses phosphorus in soils and its state, changes in its quantitative indicators according to group composition during human irrigated agriculture, and reveals the greatest increase in phosphates of the first and second groups among the groups distinguished according to Chirikov.
Meadow saz soils, phosphorus, salinity, readily water-soluble salts, phosphorus groups, total phosphorus, gypsum, carbonate.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the human lymphatic system. The structure, location, and functional characteristics of lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and central lymphoid organs are described in detail. Based on scientific literature, the critical role of the lymphatic system in immune processes, the mechanism of interstitial fluid transport, and its involvement in lipid absorption are examined. The significance of this knowledge for understanding lymphedema, lymphocyte differentiation, and lymphatic system diseases in clinical practice is emphasized.
Lymphatic system, lymphatic capillaries, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, immunity, lymphocytes, lymphedema.
ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF THE NANOCHITOSAN PREPARATION ON SOIL AGROCHEMICAL INDICATORS
This article analyses the impact of using nanopreparations on the agrochemical properties of soil in saline areas based on scientific research. The study was conducted on irrigated meadow-alluvial soils of the Nukus district of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The experiment was conducted using the "Nanochitosan" preparation for the Nukus-2 rice variety. According to the results, it was established that this preparation affects the agrochemical properties of the soil, including the content of humus, nitrogen, total and mobile phosphorus, potassium, carbonate, and gypsum.
Saline soils, agrochemical properties, nanochitosan, nanopreparation, meadow-alluvial soils.
EFFICIENT CULTIVATION OF WHEAT PLANT USING INNOVATIVE FERTILIZERS AND MODERN TECHNOLOGIES ON A LARGE FARM
When learning how to grow wheat, we must first determine that there are two main types of crops: winter and spring. Although each has its own growth requirements and cultivation characteristics, growing spring and winter wheat have more similarities than differences. Good care for both species requires timely watering at various stages of growth, application of NPK fertilizers, and attention to weeds, pests, and diseases. These and other wheat production tasks can benefit from the use of precision farming technologies. When the harvest is ripe, modern agricultural machinery will come in handy again, allowing to quickly collect and prepare the grain for storage.
Wheat, fertilizer, cultivation, irrigation, variety, NPK, planting
EFFECT OF A CHITOSAN AND WHEY POWDER COMPLEX ON LIVER METABOLISM, ANTIOXIDANT STATUS AND DETOXIFICATION PROCESSES IN COBB-500 BROILER CHICKENS
In this article, the effect of a complex bioadditive based on chitosan and whey powder on liver metabolism, antioxidant defense system and detoxification processes in broiler chickens of the Cobb-500 cross was experimentally evaluated. The experiment was conducted with a 42-day incubation cycle, 100 chickens, a three-group design and statistical criteria at the p<0.05 level. According to the results, the complex additive caused positive changes in live weight gain, feed conversion, liver enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant markers in a dose-dependent manner. The highest biological response was observed at a dose of 80 mg/head: live weight gain increased by 11.8% compared to the control, FCR improved by 9.1%, ALT and AST indicators approached the physiological norm, GSH, SOD and CAT activities increased. The results obtained allow the evaluation of the chitosan-whey combination as an alternative, environmentally safe, and metabolically sound nutritional approach to antibiotic growth stimulants.
Chitosan, whey powder, Cobb-500, liver metabolism, antioxidant system, detoxification, feed conversion ratio, simulated experiment.
STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF CHITOSAN HYDROXYAPATITE ON MORPHOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF RABBIT BLOOD
For the experiment, 16 heads of 1.5-2-month-old rabbits of local breed were taken from the ‘‘Flander Rabbits 1972’ LLC Farm, located in Mirzachul District, Jizzakh Region” M.Ch.J. The first group of rabbits was the control group and was fed with farm ration. 2-3 and 4 experimental groups were given 10 mg/kg of chitosan 20-80 to the second, 15 mg/kg to the third group, and 18 mg/kg of chitosan 70-30 to the fourth experimental group for 30 days. given during The effectiveness of the used drug was evaluated based on the morphological parameters of the blood.
Rabbit, chitosan, hydroxyapatite, erythrocyte, leukocyte, platelet, hemoglobin.
THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SOIL DEGRADATION AND ITS ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES
This article examines the impact of climate change on soil degradation and its ecological consequences. The study explores soil fertility decline, intensified erosion processes, and reduced biodiversity due to high temperatures, altered precipitation, and extreme climate events. Effective strategies to mitigate the socio-economic and ecological consequences of soil degradation are also proposed.
Climate change, soil degradation, erosion, ecological consequences, biodiversity.
IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS IN A RELAXATION ENVIRONMENT BASED ON LSTM MODELING FOR MONITORING AND FORECASTING WATER RESOURCES
This paper examines the automated control of closed reservoir systems (CRS) (using endorheic lakes as an example) operating under stochastic hydrological dynamics and characterized by internal relaxation processes (non-Markovian behavior). An intelligent stochastic control system is proposed based on relaxation-stochastic models (RSMs), which take into account both the probabilistic nature of external influences and the system's internal memory. The risk-based optimal control problem is solved in real time using recessing horizon control (RHC) and an LSTM-based metamodel approximating the complex dynamics of RCMs. Testing the method on the Aydarkul Lake system (Uzbekistan) demonstrated a 37% reduction in the probability of water levels falling below the critical ecological limit over a 10-year forecast period, while simultaneously increasing the reliability of irrigation water supply by 18% compared to traditional strategies. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for creating robust and adaptive water resources automation systems under conditions of high uncertainty.
Data automation, neural network, multidimensional systems, LSTM, water resource monitoring, Laguerre polynomial.
Research results show that nitrogen losses in the form of nitrates are particularly high in irrigated fields and depend significantly on the soil texture and the rate and timing of irrigation. The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content of the soil fluctuate during the growing season.
Nutrients, soil, vegetation, fine earth, sand.
THE PROSPECTS OF THE MARJANBULAK ORE FIELD
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the geological structure, tectonic-structural features, and placement patterns of the gold mineralization of the Marjanbulak deposit, located in the Jizzakh region. The features of the morphology, size, vertical development, and mineralogical composition of ore bodies are highlighted. The presence of vertical zonality between oxidized and primary (elastic) ores is shown, and a geological and economic assessment of their development methods is provided. Based on revised geological data, the relationship between mineralization and a unified tectonically controlled zone has been substantiated, and practical recommendations have been developed for the development of exploration work and the expansion of the mineral resource base.
Marjanbulak ore field, gold mineralization, geological structure, tectonic zones, gold-quartz type, vertical zonality, exploration work, mineral resource base.
DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the modern directions of agricultural development in Uzbekistan, particularly the introduction of innovative technologies, efficient use of land and water resources, and the modernization of the agrarian sector. It also substantiates the importance of ensuring food security, developing cluster systems, and widely implementing the concept of “smart agriculture.” Based on the research findings, scientific recommendations and proposals aimed at improving the efficiency of the agricultural sector have been developed.
Agriculture, innovation, food security, land resources, water resources, cluster system, smart agriculture, digital technologies, agrotechnology, efficiency.
THE ROLE OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN MANAGEMENT IN ADVANCING THE GREEN ECONOMY
This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of developing a green economy through the use of innovative technologies in the management system. The importance of innovative management tools in increasing economic efficiency, rational use of resources, ensuring energy saving, and strengthening environmental sustainability is highlighted. In addition, the impact of digital technologies, automated management systems, and environmental monitoring tools on the development of the green economy is studied. As a result of the research, priority directions of innovative approaches for the development of the green economy in the country are substantiated
Innovation, management, green economy, technology, ecology, digitalization, efficiency, resources, sustainability, monitoring.
TECHNOLOGY OF GROWING CUCUMBER SEEDLINGS AND SELECTION OF VARIETY IN A GREENHOUSE
This article analyzes scientifically based agrotechnological methods of growing cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings in greenhouse conditions and the criteria for selecting high-yielding, stress- and disease-resistant varieties. The importance of substrate composition, biological properties of seeds, germination, optimal control of microclimate conditions (temperature, humidity, light) and mineral nutrition in the process of growing seedlings is highlighted.
Greenhouse agrotechnology, cucumber, seedling cultivation, substrate, microclimate management, seed germination, variety selection, yield.
METHODS OF PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL ON THE TREES
This article describes the phytosanitary state of apricot cultivation in the climatic conditions of Uzbekistan, the main factors negatively affecting productivity, and effective strategies for their control. The study examined the distribution dynamics of dangerous objects such as shot-hole (clasterosporium), moniliosis (fruit rot), and the apricot fruit moth. The possibilities of reducing crop loss through the harmonious use of modern chemical preparations and biological protection agents are analyzed.
Apricot, moniliosis, clasterosporium, fruit moth, fungicide, insecticide, biological control, phytosanitary, productivity, prevention.
ASSESSMENT OF THE CURRENT SOIL-ECOLOGICAL STATE OF UZBEKISTAN'S SOILS
The increase in production volume leads to environmental pollution with residues and waste, the accumulation of various chemical compounds in large quantities in the soil, and negatively affects the ecological state of the soil cover. Priority tasks for providing the population with environmentally friendly products include soil remediation, as well as increasing the yield and quality of agricultural crops. The research results presented in this article are in accordance with Article 6 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 903, which aims to protect, improve, and restore the fertility of contaminated, disturbed, or otherwise degraded soils. Until now, soils of Uzbekistan have been evaluated only by their properties, without taking pollution processes into account. This article examines the soils of the Tashkent region of the Republic of Uzbekistan based on the results of their soil-ecological assessment. Some soil properties, such as mechanical composition, agrochemical properties, degree of salinity, as well as the amount of metals detected in the soils, were analyzed. The methods used to determine soil properties are described in the following works: E.V. Arinushkina's "Agrochemical Methods of Soil Research" and "Manual on Chemical Analysis of Soils," N.A. Kachinsky's "Soil Physics," and L. Tursunov's "Soil Physics." Based on the results of soil properties and the permissible norms of metal content, the Soil Quality Index (SQI) was calculated and the degree of soil health was determined. Using geoinformation system technologies and based on the SQI indicators of the studied areas, the following were developed: an assessment map of soil condition, an assessment map of soil ecological state, and digital maps with a comprehensive soil-ecological assessment.
Soil, mechanical composition, humus, soil pollution, heavy metals, SQI assessments, environmental score, assessment.
ASSESSMENT OF THE GENERAL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF IRRIGATED SIEROZEM-MEADOW SOILS OF THE MIRZACHUL OASIS BASED ON INTEGRAL INDICATORS (A CASE STUDY OF THE MIRZAOBOD DISTRICT)
The article analyzes the methods of using integral indicators in assessing the ecological and biological state of soils of various degrees of salinity. In this study, soil biological activity was evaluated based on humus content, microbial abundance, enzymatic activity, carbon content, and salinity level (EC). The results indicate that as soil salinity increases, its biological activity declines. This phenomenon is attributed to intensified degradation processes, slowed organic matter turnover, and reduced soil fertility. Furthermore, the study confirms that biological methods are effective for evaluating the ecological condition of degraded soils using integral indicators. This approach provides a means to monitor and restore the biological stability of soils.
Salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), actinomycetes, micromycetes, ammonifiers, oligotrophs, humus-decomposing bacteria, invertase, urease, catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase.
THE EFFECT OF CULTIVATING KOHLRABI CABBAGE VARIETIES IN OPEN FIELDS AT DIFFERENT PLANTING TIMES ON YIELD
This study examines the effect of different planting dates on the growth, development, and yield of the “Qizil toj” and “Salfer” kohlrabi cabbage varieties. The results showed that planting dates significantly affected the growth and yield formation of kohlrabi cabbage. The highest yields were observed in the “Salfer” variety at 18.6 t/ha and the “Qizil toj” variety at 16.7 t/ha. The findings of this research make it possible to determine the optimal planting dates for achieving a high yield from kohlrabi cabbage.
DIFFERENTIAL INDICATORS OF SALINITY DIAGNOSTIC EXPRESSION IN DESCRIBING CHANGES IN THE AMOUNT OF SOLUBLE SALTS IN WATER IN THE TERMIZ DISTRICT
To date, soil salinization has attracted great interest among scientists as a factor resulting from drastic changes in the environment due to human activity and deterioration of the ecological situation. In this zone, natural and anthropogenic factors have had a strong impact on the geochemical situation and soil formation processes, resulting in a negative water-salt balance and a deterioration in the ecological condition of irrigated soils.
Differential index, salinity, diagnostic, chloride salts, qualitative composition of salts.