Web of Humanities: Journal of Social Science and Humanitarian Research
Web of Humanities: Journal of Social Science and Humanitarian Research is an open access peer reviewed international journal. It covers all areas of the social sciences, economics, and humanities. We adhere to the scientific standards by following a rigorous peer-review process. Any submission reporting scientifically accurate and valuable research will be considered for publication. We welcome empirical studies, theoretical articles, case studies, methodological articles and literature reviews. Our scope is inclusive: we encourage multi- and inter-disciplinary work as well as new and experimental forms of research, replication studies and negative findings. All submissions will be evaluated based on their scientific and methodological validity and robustness of research. As an open access journal, all articles will be immediately and permanently available for authors and readers to read, download, cite and share. The journal aims to be a meeting point for researchers at every stage of their career. One of our guiding principles is to make the publishing process accessible to everyone doing sound science, including first-time authors, early career researchers, and those from underrepresented groups and geographical areas The journal publishes papers devoted to quantitative social science research and methodology. The journal features articles that illustrate the use of quantitative methods to empirically test social science theory. The journal emphasizes research concerned with issues or methods that cut across traditional disciplinary lines. Special attention is given to methods that have been used by only one particular social science discipline, but that may have application to a broader range of areas with an ultimate goal of testing social science theory. The journal also covers the physical education, sports and sports science related articles. Publication Frequency: 12 Issues Per Year (Monthly) ISSN (E): 2938-3803 IFSIJ JIF: 7.775 Journal Abbreviation: Web humanit.
THE ESIKQAS AS AN AESTHETIC AND DECORATIVE CARPET OF THE KARAKALPAKS: TYPOLOGY, ORNAMENTAL COMPOSITION, AND CULTURAL INTERACTIONS
This study examines the esikqas, a distinctive pile-woven decorative textile used in the interior of the traditional Karakalpak yurt. Unlike utilitarian carpets intended for storage, bedding, or floor covering, the esikqas primarily performs an aesthetic and spatial function by decorating the area above the entrance. The research aims to clarify the functional status of the esikqas, distinguish it from the structurally similar qarshın, and systematize its major ornamental variants. The study is based on comparative visual analysis of museum specimens, field observations, ethnographic descriptions, and the classifications proposed by A. Allamuratov, T. A. Zhdanko, and David and Sue Richardson. The analysis identifies the rhombus—known in Karakalpak terminology as qıyıq or boǵırsoq—as the principal compositional marker of the esikqas. Several major types are discussed, including the on eki múyizli, stepped, az múyiz, lightning-pattern, and qıyıq-pattern variants. Particular attention is given to inconsistencies in museum attribution and to the interaction of Karakalpak and Turkmen ornamental traditions. The findings suggest that the classification of pile-woven objects should be based not solely on their recorded practical use but also on dominant motifs, compositional structure, dimensions, and weaving tradition. The esikqas demonstrates the high level of artistic variation achieved by Karakalpak women weavers and represents an important element of the decorative system of the Karakalpak yurt.
Karakalpak carpet weaving, esikqas, pile carpet, yurt interior, ornament, rhombus motif, qarshın, traditional textile, decorative art.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
SEMANTIC AND LINGUOCULTURAL FEATURES OF THE NUMERATIVE UNIT "HUNDRED" IN ENGLISH AND KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES
This paper explores the semantic and linguacultural characteristics of hundreds numeratives (e.g., 100, 200, 300, 1000, "hundred", "thousand") within a comparative framework of the English and Karakalpak languages. Numbers serve not only as quantitative parameters but also act as complex cultural codes that categorize human experience, construct cosmic order, and verbalize mental models. By deploying a comprehensive methodology comprising semantic analysis, contrastive (comparative) analysis, linguacognitive modeling, and linguacultural interpretation, this study traces the shift of these numeratives from objective mathematical measurement to expressive, evaluative, and hyperbolic vectors. The findings uncover structural cognitive universals, such as scalar thresholds of absolute compliance or hyperbolic limiters, alongside culture-specific discrepancies rooted in Western pragmatic traditions and Turkic mythological worldview matrices. Finally, a sequential multi-stage verbalization model is proposed to bridge the gap between objective quantities and discursive aesthetic transformations.
Hundreds numeratives, linguacultural analysis, contrastive linguistics, hyperbole model, frame semantics, Karakalpak language, English language, conceptualization.
THE PREVENTIVE POTENTIAL OF DIGITAL CULTURE FORMATION AND INFORMATION ETHICS DEVELOPMENT
This article examines the preventive potential of digital culture formation and the development of information ethics in ensuring public security and preventing cybercrime from a socio-philosophical perspective. It reveals the theoretical foundations for fostering individuals' conscious, responsible, and ethical behavior within the information environment under the conditions of rapid digital transformation. The study also highlights the interrelationship between digital culture, information ethics, and spiritual immunity, emphasizing their role as preventive mechanisms against cyber threats. Furthermore, the article presents scientific conclusions and practical recommendations aimed at creating a secure information environment through the development of digital culture, the broad implementation of information ethics principles, and the strengthening of individuals' spiritual immunity.
Digital culture, information ethics, spiritual immunity, digital society, cybercrime prevention, information security, digital literacy, socio-philosophical analysis.
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, SPIRITUAL, AND MORAL CHARACTER OF PROPERTY RELATIONS TOWARD NATURE AND THEIR VALUE DIMENSIONS
This article examines the socio-economic, political, spiritual, and moral characteristics of property relations toward nature from the perspective of contemporary value theory. It analyzes the interaction between human beings and the natural environment through the concepts of sustainable development, environmental responsibility, ecological ethics, and social justice. Particular attention is paid to the transformation of ecological values under the conditions of globalization and environmental challenges. The study argues that rational property relations toward natural resources should be based on the principles of sustainability, public responsibility, and environmental security.
Property relations, nature, environmental values, ecological ethics, sustainable development, environmental responsibility, natural resources, social justice, ecological culture, environmental policy.
ORGANIZATION OF WOMEN’S SUPPORT ACTIVITIES IN THE MAHALLAS OF KASHKADARYA REGION
This article analyzes the work carried out in the mahallas of the Kashkadarya Region in the field of supporting women. In particular, the measures implemented to ensure the employment of women, involve them in entrepreneurship, handicrafts, and home-based work, support women in need of social protection, provide preferential loans, offer vocational training, provide housing, and strengthen families are described. Furthermore, the article analyzes the effectiveness of the system for increasing the socio-political activity of women, preventing violence and offenses, reconciling troubled families, and providing comprehensive support to women in mahallas.
Mahalla, Kashkadarya Region, women, employment, entrepreneurship, handicrafts, vocational training, social protection,
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TRADE ROUTES PASSING THROUGH SOGDIANA AND EASTERN TURKISTAN
The article analyzes the historical and cultural regions through which the trade routes of Central Asian settled oases passed, particularly focusing on how Sogdiana’s routes connected the East, West, North, and South, integrating the entire region into transcontinental networks. It examines the movement of trade caravans and diplomatic missions originating from Samarkand (Sogdiana) along the Chach, Fergana, and Semirechye (Yettisuv) routes, as well as their integration of representatives from Ustrushana into their ranks.
Karluk yabghus of Tokharistan, Kat, Mizdahkan, Dargan, Khiva, Urgench, Suboh, Khuzar, Timur Kapugh (Buzghala), Hamukat, Shaljikat, Juvikat, Navikat, Nuzkat.
THE LIFE AND STATECRAFT OF AMIR TEMUR IN JEAN BODIN'S INTERPRETATION
In this article, the work of the French orientalist Jean Bodin, who commented on the life and statecraft of Amir Temur in the 16th century, is analyzed. In the early 16th century, the strengthening of the Habsburg dynasty in Germany posed a serious threat to both France and the Ottoman Empire. As a result, diplomatic relations emerged between the two states. French diplomats began visiting Constantinople from the 1530s onward. During these diplomatic missions, the envoys were impressed by the policy of tolerance in the Ottoman Empire. This, in turn, contributed to the emergence of the idea of “universalism” in the works of certain French orientalists, such as Jean Bodin. This was because France was experiencing intense religious conflicts.
Dion, Timoleon, Aratus, Amir Temur, Sultan Bayazid, King Francis I, Jean Bodin, “The Six Books of the Republic” Ottoman Empire, Battle of Ankara.
MILITARY AND POLITICAL RELATIONS IN THE CITY STATES OF ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
This article examines the history of military-political relations in the city-states of Mesopotamia in the 3rd-2nd millennia BC. The role and activities of rulers in military-political relations are revealed.
Mesopotamia, Sumer, Akkad, Ur, Uruk, Lagash, Kish, name, ruler, king, ensi, lugal, army.
GENESIS OF THE NATURAL SCIENTIFIC WORLDVIEW
This article analyzes the genesis of the formation and development of the natural scientific worldview from philosophical and scientific perspectives. The historical evolution of the natural scientific worldview is examined from ancient natural philosophy through the classical mechanistic paradigm, the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, and the achievements of modern science. The article also reveals the role of scientific revolutions, methodological principles, and interdisciplinary integration in shaping scientific conceptions of the world. The study demonstrates that the natural scientific worldview is not a static construct but a dynamic system of knowledge that continuously develops through the advancement of scientific knowledge and the emergence of new theories.
Natural scientific worldview, genesis, scientific cognition, natural philosophy, scientific revolution, classical science, non-classical science, post-non-classical science, scientific paradigm, philosophy of science, methodology, interdisciplinary integration.
GROUNDS FOR REFUSING TO ALLOW A DEFENSE ATTORNEY TO PARTICIPATE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
This article examines the circumstances that prevent a defense attorney from participating in criminal proceedings and the grounds for refusing to participate in the proceedings in the event of these circumstances. It also discusses the issue of the defense attorney's impartiality, the concept and types of personal interest, the issue of kinship, and foreign experience on this topic.
Criminal proceedings, defense attorney, judge, prosecutor, investigator, witness, refusal, circumstances that prevent, personal interest, kinship.
FORMATION OF A SYSTEM OF DIGITAL INDICATORS FOR ASSESSING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE TOURISM SERVICES MARKET
This article substantiates the need to develop a system of digital indicators for assessing the efficiency of the tourism services market in the context of digital transformation. The study argues that traditional indicators, such as the number of tourists, tourism revenues, employment and investment volume, are no longer sufficient to reflect the actual performance of tourism services. The proposed approach integrates indicators of digital infrastructure, online sales and booking, digital marketing, customer satisfaction and digital governance into a comprehensive assessment framework. The article also emphasizes the relevance of this framework for Uzbekistan, where tourism flows and digital connectivity are expanding rapidly, while the National Unified Tourism Platform is becoming an institutional basis for data-driven tourism management.
Digital tourism, tourism services market, efficiency assessment, digital indicators, online booking, smart tourism, customer satisfaction, digital reputation, tourism platform, Uzbekistan.
THE CURRENT ACTIVITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSE MUSEUMS IN TASHKENT
This article examines the current activity and development of house museums in Tashkent, highlighting their cultural, historical, and educational significance. It provides a detailed overview of several prominent house museums dedicated to outstanding representatives of Uzbek literature, art, and music, including Gafur Ghulam, Abdulla Qakhkhor, Mukhtar Ashrafi, Ural Tansikbaev, Yunus Rajabi, Tamarakhonim, Oybek, Sergey Yesenin, and Sergey Borodin. The study analyzes the structure of these museums, their collections, memorial sections, and exhibition practices. Special attention is given to the preservation of historical authenticity alongside the introduction of modern museum approaches. The article concludes that house museums in Tashkent play an essential role in preserving cultural heritage, promoting national identity, and adapting to contemporary cultural demands.
House museum, memorial museum, Tashkent museums, cultural heritage, museum studies, Uzbekistan culture, literary museums, art museums, historical preservation, exhibition activity, Gafur Ghulam, Abdulla Qakhkhor, Mukhtar Ashrafi, Ural Tansikbaev, Yunus Rajabi, Tamarakhonim, Oybek, Sergey Yesenin, Sergey Borodin.
THE ROLE AND PLACE OF MUSEUMS IN PERPETUATING THE MEMORY OF THE VICTIMS OF REPRESSION
The article analyzes the activities of museums as important socio-cultural institutions in perpetuating the memory of victims of repression, understanding national history, restoring historical justice in society, and ensuring the continuity of historical memory between generations, their role in preserving, researching, promoting, and conveying historical realities to the general public, and the important tasks of museums in perpetuating the memory of victims of repression.
Despotic regime, repressive policy, victims of repression, national identity, cultural institution, social memory, historical justice, national intelligentsia.
SOCIAL CONSENSUS AND CIVIC SOLIDARITY IN ENSURING PEACE DURING DEMOCRATIC TRANSFORMATION: A SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE UZBEKISTAN EXPERIENCE
This article examines the socio-philosophical significance of social consensus and civic solidarity in ensuring peace and stability during democratic transformation processes. The study explores the theoretical foundations of consensus culture, civic participation, and social cohesion as essential components of sustainable democratic development. Particular attention is given to the experience of Uzbekistan, where large-scale political, economic, and social reforms have necessitated the strengthening of mechanisms that promote public trust, social partnership, and civic engagement. Employing socio-philosophical analysis, comparative methods, and institutional approaches, the research identifies key factors contributing to social stability in transitional societies. The findings indicate that social consensus functions not only as a mechanism for conflict prevention but also as a strategic resource for democratic governance. Civic solidarity, meanwhile, serves as a foundation for strengthening social trust, enhancing public participation, and ensuring peaceful coexistence among diverse social groups. The article concludes that the institutionalization of consensus-based governance and civic solidarity contributes significantly to the sustainability of democratic reforms and the preservation of social peace.
Democratic transformation, social consensus, civic solidarity, peacebuilding, social stability, democracy, civil society, Uzbekistan, social trust, public participation.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPING AN INCLUSIVE MODEL OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP BASED ON FOREIGN EXPERIENCE
This article examines the opportunities for developing an inclusive model of social entrepreneurship based on international experience. The study analyzes the theoretical foundations of inclusive social entrepreneurship and explores successful practices implemented in various countries. Particular attention is devoted to the role of social enterprises in promoting social inclusion, reducing inequality, supporting vulnerable populations, and fostering sustainable community development. The research investigates institutional, legal, economic, and social factors that contribute to the effectiveness of inclusive social entrepreneurship models. Through comparative analysis of international experiences, the study identifies key mechanisms that can be adapted to strengthen inclusive social entrepreneurship in developing economies. The findings demonstrate that inclusive social entrepreneurship serves as an effective instrument for enhancing social cohesion, expanding economic participation, and promoting sustainable development. The article concludes that the integration of international best practices with local socio-economic conditions can significantly improve the effectiveness of social entrepreneurship initiatives.
Social entrepreneurship, inclusive development, social inclusion, social innovation, vulnerable groups, sustainable development, human capital, social policy, community empowerment, international experience.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TERM “HABEAS CORPUS” IN THE HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM
This article examines the significance of the principle and legal concept of Habeas Corpus within the contemporary human rights system. The study analyzes the historical evolution of the Habeas Corpus doctrine, its legal foundations, and its role in protecting individuals against arbitrary detention and unlawful deprivation of liberty. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between Habeas Corpus and the principles of the rule of law, judicial protection, due process, and international human rights standards. The article also evaluates the implementation of Habeas Corpus mechanisms in modern legal systems and their contribution to ensuring justice and safeguarding fundamental freedoms. The findings indicate that Habeas Corpus remains one of the most effective legal instruments for preventing abuses of state power and protecting human dignity.
Habeas Corpus, human rights, rule of law, judicial protection, unlawful detention, personal liberty, due process, constitutional law, legal guarantees, justice.
THE LEGAL FOUNDATIONS AND PRIORITY TASKS OF BUILDING CIVIL SOCIETY
This article analyzes the legal foundations of building civil society, its essence and significance, as well as its role in the development of a democratic state governed by the rule of law. It also examines the legal mechanisms regulating the activities of civil society institutions, issues related to ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens, and the priority tasks for the development of civil society. Particular attention is paid to ensuring the rule of law, strengthening public oversight, increasing the socio-political participation of citizens, and improving cooperation between the state and civil society institutions.
Civil society, rule-of-law state, rule of law, human rights, civil society institutions, public oversight, democratic principles, legal guarantees, civic engagement, cooperation between the state and society.
TURKEY’S SECURITY STRATEGY IN CENTRAL ASIA: GEOPOLITICAL OPPORTUNITIES AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS
This article systematically and scientifically analyzes the role, significance, and limitations of the Central Asian factor in Turkey’s regional security policy. Within the framework of the study, the main directions of security cooperation between Turkey and the Central Asian states, institutional mechanisms, the geopolitical competitive environment, and transnational threats were examined from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. In addition, the cultural-diplomatic, geoeconomic, and military instruments employed by Turkey to strengthen its strategic influence in the region were analyzed. The findings demonstrate that Turkey’s security strategy in the region is being shaped within a competitive environment involving the Central Asian states pursuing multi-vector foreign policies, as well as major geopolitical actors such as Russia and China.
Turkey, Central Asia, geopolitics, regional security, transnational threats, military cooperation, soft power, geoeconomics.
WOMEN SCHOLARS AND THE FORMATION OF ACADEMIC CULTURE, ETHICAL LEADERSHIP, AND SOCIAL PROGRESS
This article explores the role of women scholars in the development of academic culture, ethical leadership, and social progress in contemporary society. Unlike approaches that focus mainly on women’s participation in STEM or technological innovation, this study emphasizes the cultural, pedagogical, ethical, and social dimensions of women’s scientific activity. Women scholars are considered not only as producers of scientific knowledge, but also as mentors, educators, public intellectuals, and agents of social transformation. The article argues that the presence of women in science strengthens academic responsibility, enriches research culture, promotes inclusive education, and contributes to the formation of a more humane and intellectually mature society. The study also highlights the importance of institutional support, mentoring systems, gender-sensitive academic environments, and the public recognition of women’s scientific achievements.
Women scholars, academic culture, ethical leadership, social progress, higher education, mentorship, gender equality, scientific responsibility, inclusive education.
THE ANIMAL METAPHOR AS A MEANS OF EXPRESSING ANTI-TOTALITARIAN THEMES IN G. VLADIMOV’S NOVELLA, FAITHFUL RUSLAN
This article examines G. Vladimov's novel "Faithful Ruslan" in the context of the expression of anti-totalitarian problems through zoomorphism. Animal consciousness in literature is a simplified human consciousness, possibly mythological, pre-mythological, which allowed us to single out archaic elements in G. Vladimov's story. the diversity of the world in which this hero exists. Considering the story "Faithful Ruslan" from this perspective, we clarified the genre originality of the story, the specifics of the plot and the artistic world of the work.
Zoometaphor, anti-totalitarian problems, archaic elements, mythological consciousness, plot scheme.
BETWEEN GREAT POWERS: UZBEKISTAN’S MULTI-VECTOR FOREIGN POLICY AND THE LIMITS OF STRATEGIC AUTONOMY AFTER 2016
Uzbekistan’s foreign policy has shifted dramatically since 2016, from semi isolation to active engagement with Russia, China, the United States, and the European Union. Yet scholars disagree whether this constitutes mere pragmatic balancing or a deliberate strategic hedging strategy aimed at preserving decision making autonomy. Drawing on strategic hedging and structural power theories through qualitative analysis of peer reviewed articles, official documents, and policy reports, this paper identifies four concrete hedging mechanisms: the C5+1 format as a dovetailing tool, economic diversification (EU’s EPCA, US’s MSP, China’s $5 bn deals), selective institutional engagement (EAEU observer status), and regional leadership (threefold increase in intra-regional trade to $7 bn). The findings reveal a fundamental paradox – hedging simultaneously enhances autonomy and creates new dependencies: 70% of critical minerals exports go to China, and remittances from Russia account for 15–20% of GDP. Uzbekistan operates in a multipolar competition zone, which enables what the study terms “structural mobility” – the ability to move between competing structural systems. The paper concludes that for middle powers, complete autonomy is unattainable; successful hedging diversifies dependencies rather than eliminating them.
Structural mobility; C5+1 dovetailing; middle power hedging; strategic autonomy; critical minerals diplomacy; selective institutional engagement; Central Asia; great power rivalry.
NATIONAL AND UNIVERSAL VALUES IN YOUTH EDUCATION: SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF HARMONY IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION
This article examines the socio-philosophical foundations of harmonizing national and universal values in the education of youth under the conditions of globalization. The study analyzes the role of cultural heritage, moral traditions, and universal human principles in shaping the worldview and spiritual development of young people. Particular attention is devoted to the significance of national identity, civic responsibility, and moral education in strengthening youth resilience against ideological threats. The research concludes that the effective integration of national and universal values contributes to the formation of a socially responsible, culturally aware, and morally mature generation.
Youth education, national values, universal values, globalization, spiritual development, cultural identity, moral education, social philosophy.
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF USING AI TOOLS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION FOR NON-PHILOLOGICAL STUDENTS
This article critically explores the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in English language education, focusing especially on non-philological students. While AI brings transformative opportunities for personalized learning, greater accessibility, and student engagement, it also presents a range of challenges such as dependency, ethical concerns, and pedagogical limitations. The article draws on recent studies and practical examples to examine both the promises and limitations of AI in language education. Finally, the article provides recommendations and insights for educators seeking to harness the potential of AI tools effectively.
Artificial Intelligence, English Language Education, Non-Philological Students, Digital Transformation, E-learning, Pedagogy.
INCLUSIVE APPROACH AGAINST RISKS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE GLOBAL INFORMATION ENVIRONMENT
The rapid development of globalization and digital technologies has fundamentally transformed modern social life and expanded the influence of the global information environment on human consciousness, social behavior, and value orientations. Along with new opportunities for communication, education, innovation, and civic participation, the digital environment has also generated complex risks related to cyber threats, misinformation, psychological instability, digital inequality, and ideological influence. These risks particularly affect young people, who are the most active participants in virtual communication and online interaction. Under such conditions, the necessity of developing inclusive approaches against information risks becomes increasingly important. This article analyzes the sociological foundations of inclusive approaches aimed at reducing risks in the global information environment. The study examines the concepts of information security, media literacy, digital inclusion, and social resilience within the context of globalization and digital transformation. Particular attention is given to the protection of vulnerable social groups and the importance of equal participation in the information society. The article also considers international experience and the socio-cultural conditions of Uzbekistan in implementing inclusive information policies and risk prevention strategies. The research is based on sociological theories, comparative analysis, and contemporary empirical observations. The findings demonstrate that inclusive approaches contribute to strengthening social stability, reducing inequality, and ensuring sustainable development in the digital era.
Global information environment, inclusive approach, information risks, digital inclusion, youth, media literacy, information security, globalization.
THE ROLE OF CODE-SWITCHING IN LINGUISTIC GROWTH AND CULTURAL IDENTITY FORMATION
This article examines the dual impact of code-switching on language development, educational pedagogy, and cultural identity in bilingual and multilingual settings. As a communicative and cognitive tool, code-switching enhances linguistic flexibility, expands vocabulary, and helps speakers express complex emotions while preserving heritage values within families. In classrooms, it serves as an inclusive pedagogical strategy that clarifies complex concepts and bridges comprehension gaps. However, excessive code-switching or unstructured code-mixing can trigger cognitive interference, grammatical confusion, and eventual language loss—particularly for minority languages eclipsed by a dominant tongue. The study concludes that intentional, balanced educational frameworks are essential to capitalize on the communicative benefits of code-switching while safeguarding sustainable linguistic diversity.
Code-switching, language development, bilingual pedagogy, cultural identity, code-mixing, language loss
EVALUATING THE CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF NEURAL NETWORKS IN AI TRANSLATION
This article examines the capabilities and limitations of neural networks in artificial intelligence (AI) translation. Neural machine translation (NMT) systems, particularly those based on deep learning architectures such as sequence-to-sequence models, transformers, and attention mechanisms, have significantly improved translation accuracy, fluency, and contextual understanding. These technologies enable machines to process large volumes of linguistic data and generate translations that are more natural and contextually appropriate than traditional rule-based and statistical methods. Despite these advancements, neural networks still face several challenges, including difficulties in interpreting idiomatic expressions, cultural references, sarcasm, and linguistic nuances. Their performance is also highly dependent on the quality, diversity, and representativeness of training data. Biased or insufficient datasets may lead to translation errors and reduced effectiveness, especially for underrepresented languages and dialects. The article highlights the importance of improving contextual awareness, enhancing data quality, and integrating human linguistic expertise with AI technologies to develop more reliable and culturally sensitive translation systems. Future research should focus on addressing these limitations to further improve the accuracy and effectiveness of AI-driven translation.
Neural Networks, Artificial Intelligence, Neural Machine Translation (NMT), Deep Learning, Machine Translation, Contextual Understanding, Attention Mechanism, Translation Accuracy, Linguistic Nuances, Training Data Quality.
THE PHENOMENON OF SPIRITUAL ALIENATION AMONG YOUTH IN MODERN SOCIETY
This article examines the phenomenon of spiritual alienation among youth in contemporary society and analyzes its causes, manifestations, and consequences. The rapid processes of globalization, digitalization, urbanization, and cultural transformation have significantly influenced young people’s value systems, social relationships, and identity formation. The study explores the impact of social media, consumer culture, virtual communication, and changing moral standards on the spiritual development of youth. Particular attention is given to the role of education, family, and cultural institutions in preventing spiritual alienation and strengthening moral values. The findings suggest that while modern society offers unprecedented opportunities for personal development and self-expression, it also creates conditions that may weaken spiritual awareness, cultural identity, and social connectedness among young people.
Spiritual alienation, youth, modern society, moral values, digitalization, globalization, cultural identity, social media, value transformation, youth development.
IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION STANDARDS IN THE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM OF FERGANA REGION: HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE AND RESULTS
This article chronologically analyzes the historical processes, stages, and results of integrating international communication standards into the communication network of the Fergana region from the late XIX to the early XXI centuries. The research examines the transition from traditional postal and telegraph services to modern telecommunication systems, focusing on how global technological standards were adapted to the regional infrastructure. Based on archival documents and historical facts, the paper highlights the socio-economic impacts of these technological upgrades, the role of international norms in modernizing the regional communication network, and the integration of the Fergana Valley into the global information space during the years of Independence.
Fergana region, communication system, international standards, postal-telegraph, telecommunications, infrastructure, technological modernization, historical experience.
LINGUOCULTURAL FEATURES OF RENDERING RUSSIAN REALIA IN THE TRANSLATIONS BY CHOLPON
The article examines how Abdulhamid Cholpon (1897-1938) carried Russian realia into Uzbek when he translated Pushkin, Gogol and Gorky and, through Russian, Shakespeare. Drawing on the realia theory of S. Vlakhov and S. Florin and on J. F. Aixela's account of culture-specific items, it traces two recurring solutions, the sound-based transcription of ranks and proper names and the substitution of everyday items by Arabic and Persian words already settled in Uzbek. The choices are read against I. Even-Zohar's polysystem reasoning, which explains why translation held a central position in the young Uzbek literature of the 1920s and 1930s.
Realia, culture-specific items, literary translation, Cholpon, Russian classics, Uzbek literature, foreignization, domestication, transcription, polysystem.
ALIGNING MULTIPLE TRANSLATIONS IN AN AUTHOR PARALLEL CORPUS OF A. S. PUSHKIN POETRY
The article presents a method for aligning several published English translations of one Pushkin poem against the Russian source within an author parallel corpus. As material, two anchor texts are used, namely the opening stanza of Eugene Onegin in eight verse translations (H. Spalding 1881 through S. Mitchell 2008) and the lyric Ya vas lyubil in twenty English versions. Comparing five alignment algorithms (W. Gale and K. Church 1993, R. Moore 2002, HunAlign 2005, Bleualign 2010, Vecalign 2019), the study records 0.90 F1 for Vecalign on the reference benchmark. Stand-off TEI P5 encoding stores line-level correspondences across all translations at once.
Author parallel corpus; sentence alignment; verse translation; Eugene Onegin; Pushkin; Vecalign; HunAlign; TEI P5; multi-text alignment; translation studies.