Web of Humanities: Journal of Social Science and Humanitarian Research
Web of Humanities: Journal of Social Science and Humanitarian Research is an open access peer reviewed international journal. It covers all areas of the social sciences, economics, and humanities. We adhere to the scientific standards by following a rigorous peer-review process. Any submission reporting scientifically accurate and valuable research will be considered for publication. We welcome empirical studies, theoretical articles, case studies, methodological articles and literature reviews. Our scope is inclusive: we encourage multi- and inter-disciplinary work as well as new and experimental forms of research, replication studies and negative findings. All submissions will be evaluated based on their scientific and methodological validity and robustness of research. As an open access journal, all articles will be immediately and permanently available for authors and readers to read, download, cite and share. The journal aims to be a meeting point for researchers at every stage of their career. One of our guiding principles is to make the publishing process accessible to everyone doing sound science, including first-time authors, early career researchers, and those from underrepresented groups and geographical areas The journal publishes papers devoted to quantitative social science research and methodology. The journal features articles that illustrate the use of quantitative methods to empirically test social science theory. The journal emphasizes research concerned with issues or methods that cut across traditional disciplinary lines. Special attention is given to methods that have been used by only one particular social science discipline, but that may have application to a broader range of areas with an ultimate goal of testing social science theory. The journal also covers the physical education, sports and sports science related articles. Publication Frequency: 12 Issues Per Year (Monthly) ISSN (E): 2938-3803 IFSIJ JIF: 7.775 Journal Abbreviation: Web humanit.
QUALITY INDICATORS OF SOYBEAN OIL OBTAINED FROM SOYBEAN SEEDS
The main quality characteristics of vegetable oil obtained from soybean grain are investigated in this article. The physicochemical properties of the oil, including the number of acids, peroxide content, iodine content, saponification number, moisture and impurities were analyzed. Also covered the importance of soybean oil in the food industry and the factors that determine its quality. The article serves as an important scientific basis for the evaluation of the safety and consumer suitability of soybean oil.
Soybean oil, quality indicators, acidity, peroxide number, iodine quantity, saponification rate, refining, oxidation, vegetable oils, food industry.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF THE STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENTREPRENEURSHIP SECTOR IN UZBEKISTAN USING AN AHP–ENTROPY–TOPSIS MODEL
This article proposes a multi-criteria integral model based on the AHP–Entropy–TOPSIS framework to assess the structural development of the entrepreneurship sector across Uzbekistan’s regions. Fourteen indicators are grouped into quantitative-structural, innovation, institutional and territorial-balance blocks. AHP captures expert priorities, Shannon entropy provides an objective statistical weighting component, and TOPSIS ranks regions according to their proximity to the ideal solution. The AHP weights are 0.357 for innovation, 0.335 for territorial balance, 0.198 for quantitative-structural factors and 0.110 for the institutional environment. Using official data for the first quarter of 2026, Tashkent city records the highest closeness coefficient (CC=0.812), followed by Tashkent region (0.724), while Syrdarya has the lowest value (0.386). Compared with monocriteria assessment, the model improves the identification of structural imbalances by functional block and supports differentiated regional policy.
Entrepreneurship sector, integral assessment, AHP, Shannon entropy, TOPSIS, multi-criteria decision making, regional development, HHI, diversification.
THE IMPORTANCE OF USING THE METHODS OF "ORAL HISTORY" IN HISTORICAL RESEARCH
Oral sources were the first historical sources used in research. This article is dedicated to the significance of applying the oral history method in historical research. It examines the use of interviews and questionnaires in oral history, the role of memories in reconstructing our history, and the establishment and dissemination of the oral history method in Uzbekistan.
Oral history, Oral History Association, Oral History Center, respondent, Uzbekistan, Karakalpakstan, questionnaire, interview, memories.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN: CURRENT TRENDS AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
The article examines the development of juvenile justice in the Republic of Uzbekistan, taking into account current trends and international standards for the protection of children’s rights. Particular attention is paid to the specific features of criminal proceedings involving minors, their rehabilitation and resocialization, as well as the use of diversion, mediation and alternatives to imprisonment. The article substantiates the need to further improve the national juvenile justice system, strengthen the protection of minors’ rights and develop specialized mechanisms of child justice.
Juvenile justice, minor, criminal proceedings, deviant behavior, resocialization, diversion, mediation, international standards, child rights.
FEATURES OF EPITHET USAGE IN THE WORKS OF B. GENJEMURATOV
This article examines the use of epithets in the works of B.Genjemuratov, with particular attention to their semantic and stylistic characteristics and their artistic and aesthetic functions. The study highlights the role of epithets in creating imagery and conveying the distinctive features and qualities of objects, phenomena, and events in the poet’s lyric poetry. Drawing on specific examples from the poet’s works, the article distinguishes epithets from ordinary attributive modifiers and analyzes the specific ways in which epithets function in B.Genjemuratov’s poetic language. It also demonstrates the contribution of epithets to the expressive power and aesthetic impact of poetic discourse.
Epithet, poetic language, imagery, expressive devices, semantics, stylistics, lyric poetry
LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOCULTURAL FEATURES OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES IN KARAKALPAK TOPONYMY
This article examines the linguistic and ethnocultural features of Karakalpakstan’s toponymy from theoretical and analytical perspectives. It substantiates that, alongside their function of naming geographical objects, toponyms are linguistic units that reflect the history, ethnic composition, natural and geographical environment, economic activities, and cultural worldview of the people. The article considers the history of research into Karakalpak toponymy and the classification of geographical names. The specific features of the formation of toponyms based on natural-geographical, ethnic, anthroponymic, and socio-historical motivations are identified. The names Abadan, Abas, Abat, Aqshakól, Aqjaǵıs, Aqmanqazǵan, Qaraqol, Khojaawıl, Khatep, and Aqkól, taken from the Explanatory Dictionary of Geographical Names of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, are analyzed from linguistic, etymological, and ethnocultural perspectives. The results demonstrate that Karakalpak toponyms are not merely nominative units designating geographical objects but also linguistic sources preserving the historical and cultural memory of the people.
Toponymy, toponym, Karakalpakstan toponymy, geographical name, ethnotoponym, hydronym, oikonym, etymology, linguoculture, historical toponym.
HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STUDY OF THE ARTISTIC LANGUAGE IN TURKISH LINGUISTICS
This article analyzes the stages of the formation and development of artistic language studies in Turkic linguistics from a historiographical perspective. Scientific research devoted to the language of literary monuments of the Turkic peoples is systematized, and its main directions and research methods are examined. A comparative analysis is conducted of the scholarly approaches that emerged in the study of the language of literary works, from ancient Turkic written monuments to contemporary Karakalpak linguistics. The paper also provides a historiographical assessment of studies devoted to the language of classical Karakalpak poets and zhyraus, including Berdakh, Ajiniyaz, Kunhoja, and Zhiyen Zhyrau. The findings indicate that the early stage of artistic language research in Turkic linguistics primarily focused on grammatical and lexical features, whereas later studies increasingly emphasized text linguistics, linguopoetics, and cognitive analysis. The article identifies the principal stages of this scholarly evolution and outlines the prospects for the further development of artistic language studies in Karakalpak linguistics.
Turkic linguistics, Karakalpak literary language, artistic language, historiography, linguopoetics, history of language, literary text, classical literature.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE DASTAN GENRE IN INDEPENDENCE-ERA KARAKALPAK LYRO-EPIC POETRY: SYNTHESIS OF CLASSICAL TRADITIONS AND MODERN RELIGIOUS-PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOURSE
This study examines the genre-stylistic evolution of the dastan (epic narrative poem) in post-independence Karakalpak literature, demonstrating how contemporary poets synthesized traditional Eastern khamsa conventions, folkloric epic motifs, and Islamic philosophical aesthetics. Historical literary analysis indicates a major shift in Karakalpak literary scholarship during the 1990s: major lyro-epic works previously labeled as Westernized poems were re-evaluated under the native genre terminology of dastan. Focusing on key works such as A. Otepbergenov’s Allan'di Umitpa! (Do Not Forget Your Allah!) and Khamsa cycle, R. Ernasheva’s Khamsa, N. Toreshova’s Yalganshi (The Deceiver), and I. Yusupov’s Watan Topiragi, this paper analyzes how independence enabled free artistic expression, autobiographical reflection, and religious-philosophical inquiries into moral accountability, divine justice, and ecological preservation.
Karakalpak poetry, dastan genre, lyro-epic poetry, A. Otepbergenov, N. Toreshova, Islamic philosophy, independence-era literature.
THE GEOSOCIOLOGICAL STATUS OF THE USTYURT PLATEAU: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS OF SETTLEMENT-NOMAD INTERSECTIONS IN CENTRAL ASIAN HISTORY
This paper investigates the geosociological and civilizational status of the Ustyurt Plateau as an essential transition corridor and integrative contact zone between sedentary oasis urbanism and nomadic steppe societies in Central Asia from antiquity through the medieval era. Moving beyond traditional historiographical paradigms that treat oasis agricultural centers and steppe pastoral networks as separate or antagonistic spheres, this study demonstrates how the Ustyurt Plateau operated as a dynamic spatial axis connecting the Khwarezm oasis, the Lower Volga, the Caspian littoral, and the Dasht-i Qipchaq. Drawing upon interdisciplinary archaeological evidence, epigraphic findings—including early Khwarezmian inscriptions—and regional historical frameworks, the paper re-evaluates the plateau not as a peripheral wasteland, but as a strategic trade-communication node within the northern branches of the Silk Road and a critical structural element of the broader Eastern Renaissance.
Ustyurt Plateau, Khwarezm civilization, steppe nomadism, Silk Road, geosociology, Central Asian history, cultural synthesis.
HISTORY OF AHMAD DONISH'S CREATIVE LEGACY
This article examines the formation of Ahmad Donish's creative legacy and its historical significance. It also discusses the historical factors that influenced the development of Donish's intellectual and literary works.
Ahmad Donish, creativity, heritage, history, philosophy, king, tyrant.
GAFUR GHULAM AND SADRIDDIN AYNI: A REMARKABLE EXAMPLE OF UZBEK–TAJIK LITERARY FRIENDSHIP
This article examines the literary friendship between the prominent Uzbek poet Gafur Ghulam and the distinguished Tajik writer Sadriddin Ayni as a remarkable example of Uzbek–Tajik literary and cultural relations. Drawing upon archival materials preserved in the Gafur Ghulam House Museum, including photographs, personal correspondence, manuscripts, and memoirs, the study explores the evolution of their relationship from literary acquaintance to a close mentor–disciple bond. Particular attention is given to previously published letters exchanged between the two writers, Gafur Ghulam's commemorative writings dedicated to Ayni, and his message prepared for the celebration of Ayni's 80th anniversary. The article argues that their sincere friendship significantly contributed to strengthening the cultural dialogue and literary cooperation between the Uzbek and Tajik peoples. Their intellectual legacy continues to serve as an important symbol of mutual respect, shared cultural heritage, and enduring friendship between the two neighboring nations.
Gafur Ghulam, Sadriddin Ayni, Uzbek–Tajik literary relations, literary friendship, cultural heritage, mentor–disciple relationship, correspondence, archival sources, literary cooperation, House Museum.
THE ESIKQAS AS AN AESTHETIC AND DECORATIVE CARPET OF THE KARAKALPAKS: TYPOLOGY, ORNAMENTAL COMPOSITION, AND CULTURAL INTERACTIONS
This study examines the esikqas, a distinctive pile-woven decorative textile used in the interior of the traditional Karakalpak yurt. Unlike utilitarian carpets intended for storage, bedding, or floor covering, the esikqas primarily performs an aesthetic and spatial function by decorating the area above the entrance. The research aims to clarify the functional status of the esikqas, distinguish it from the structurally similar qarshın, and systematize its major ornamental variants. The study is based on comparative visual analysis of museum specimens, field observations, ethnographic descriptions, and the classifications proposed by A. Allamuratov, T. A. Zhdanko, and David and Sue Richardson. The analysis identifies the rhombus—known in Karakalpak terminology as qıyıq or boǵırsoq—as the principal compositional marker of the esikqas. Several major types are discussed, including the on eki múyizli, stepped, az múyiz, lightning-pattern, and qıyıq-pattern variants. Particular attention is given to inconsistencies in museum attribution and to the interaction of Karakalpak and Turkmen ornamental traditions. The findings suggest that the classification of pile-woven objects should be based not solely on their recorded practical use but also on dominant motifs, compositional structure, dimensions, and weaving tradition. The esikqas demonstrates the high level of artistic variation achieved by Karakalpak women weavers and represents an important element of the decorative system of the Karakalpak yurt.
Karakalpak carpet weaving, esikqas, pile carpet, yurt interior, ornament, rhombus motif, qarshın, traditional textile, decorative art.
SEMANTIC AND LINGUOCULTURAL FEATURES OF THE NUMERATIVE UNIT "HUNDRED" IN ENGLISH AND KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES
This paper explores the semantic and linguacultural characteristics of hundreds numeratives (e.g., 100, 200, 300, 1000, "hundred", "thousand") within a comparative framework of the English and Karakalpak languages. Numbers serve not only as quantitative parameters but also act as complex cultural codes that categorize human experience, construct cosmic order, and verbalize mental models. By deploying a comprehensive methodology comprising semantic analysis, contrastive (comparative) analysis, linguacognitive modeling, and linguacultural interpretation, this study traces the shift of these numeratives from objective mathematical measurement to expressive, evaluative, and hyperbolic vectors. The findings uncover structural cognitive universals, such as scalar thresholds of absolute compliance or hyperbolic limiters, alongside culture-specific discrepancies rooted in Western pragmatic traditions and Turkic mythological worldview matrices. Finally, a sequential multi-stage verbalization model is proposed to bridge the gap between objective quantities and discursive aesthetic transformations.
Hundreds numeratives, linguacultural analysis, contrastive linguistics, hyperbole model, frame semantics, Karakalpak language, English language, conceptualization.
THE PREVENTIVE POTENTIAL OF DIGITAL CULTURE FORMATION AND INFORMATION ETHICS DEVELOPMENT
This article examines the preventive potential of digital culture formation and the development of information ethics in ensuring public security and preventing cybercrime from a socio-philosophical perspective. It reveals the theoretical foundations for fostering individuals' conscious, responsible, and ethical behavior within the information environment under the conditions of rapid digital transformation. The study also highlights the interrelationship between digital culture, information ethics, and spiritual immunity, emphasizing their role as preventive mechanisms against cyber threats. Furthermore, the article presents scientific conclusions and practical recommendations aimed at creating a secure information environment through the development of digital culture, the broad implementation of information ethics principles, and the strengthening of individuals' spiritual immunity.
Digital culture, information ethics, spiritual immunity, digital society, cybercrime prevention, information security, digital literacy, socio-philosophical analysis.
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, SPIRITUAL, AND MORAL CHARACTER OF PROPERTY RELATIONS TOWARD NATURE AND THEIR VALUE DIMENSIONS
This article examines the socio-economic, political, spiritual, and moral characteristics of property relations toward nature from the perspective of contemporary value theory. It analyzes the interaction between human beings and the natural environment through the concepts of sustainable development, environmental responsibility, ecological ethics, and social justice. Particular attention is paid to the transformation of ecological values under the conditions of globalization and environmental challenges. The study argues that rational property relations toward natural resources should be based on the principles of sustainability, public responsibility, and environmental security.
Property relations, nature, environmental values, ecological ethics, sustainable development, environmental responsibility, natural resources, social justice, ecological culture, environmental policy.
ORGANIZATION OF WOMEN’S SUPPORT ACTIVITIES IN THE MAHALLAS OF KASHKADARYA REGION
This article analyzes the work carried out in the mahallas of the Kashkadarya Region in the field of supporting women. In particular, the measures implemented to ensure the employment of women, involve them in entrepreneurship, handicrafts, and home-based work, support women in need of social protection, provide preferential loans, offer vocational training, provide housing, and strengthen families are described. Furthermore, the article analyzes the effectiveness of the system for increasing the socio-political activity of women, preventing violence and offenses, reconciling troubled families, and providing comprehensive support to women in mahallas.
Mahalla, Kashkadarya Region, women, employment, entrepreneurship, handicrafts, vocational training, social protection,
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TRADE ROUTES PASSING THROUGH SOGDIANA AND EASTERN TURKISTAN
The article analyzes the historical and cultural regions through which the trade routes of Central Asian settled oases passed, particularly focusing on how Sogdiana’s routes connected the East, West, North, and South, integrating the entire region into transcontinental networks. It examines the movement of trade caravans and diplomatic missions originating from Samarkand (Sogdiana) along the Chach, Fergana, and Semirechye (Yettisuv) routes, as well as their integration of representatives from Ustrushana into their ranks.
Karluk yabghus of Tokharistan, Kat, Mizdahkan, Dargan, Khiva, Urgench, Suboh, Khuzar, Timur Kapugh (Buzghala), Hamukat, Shaljikat, Juvikat, Navikat, Nuzkat.
THE LIFE AND STATECRAFT OF AMIR TEMUR IN JEAN BODIN'S INTERPRETATION
In this article, the work of the French orientalist Jean Bodin, who commented on the life and statecraft of Amir Temur in the 16th century, is analyzed. In the early 16th century, the strengthening of the Habsburg dynasty in Germany posed a serious threat to both France and the Ottoman Empire. As a result, diplomatic relations emerged between the two states. French diplomats began visiting Constantinople from the 1530s onward. During these diplomatic missions, the envoys were impressed by the policy of tolerance in the Ottoman Empire. This, in turn, contributed to the emergence of the idea of “universalism” in the works of certain French orientalists, such as Jean Bodin. This was because France was experiencing intense religious conflicts.
Dion, Timoleon, Aratus, Amir Temur, Sultan Bayazid, King Francis I, Jean Bodin, “The Six Books of the Republic” Ottoman Empire, Battle of Ankara.
MILITARY AND POLITICAL RELATIONS IN THE CITY STATES OF ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
This article examines the history of military-political relations in the city-states of Mesopotamia in the 3rd-2nd millennia BC. The role and activities of rulers in military-political relations are revealed.
Mesopotamia, Sumer, Akkad, Ur, Uruk, Lagash, Kish, name, ruler, king, ensi, lugal, army.
GENESIS OF THE NATURAL SCIENTIFIC WORLDVIEW
This article analyzes the genesis of the formation and development of the natural scientific worldview from philosophical and scientific perspectives. The historical evolution of the natural scientific worldview is examined from ancient natural philosophy through the classical mechanistic paradigm, the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, and the achievements of modern science. The article also reveals the role of scientific revolutions, methodological principles, and interdisciplinary integration in shaping scientific conceptions of the world. The study demonstrates that the natural scientific worldview is not a static construct but a dynamic system of knowledge that continuously develops through the advancement of scientific knowledge and the emergence of new theories.
Natural scientific worldview, genesis, scientific cognition, natural philosophy, scientific revolution, classical science, non-classical science, post-non-classical science, scientific paradigm, philosophy of science, methodology, interdisciplinary integration.
GROUNDS FOR REFUSING TO ALLOW A DEFENSE ATTORNEY TO PARTICIPATE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
This article examines the circumstances that prevent a defense attorney from participating in criminal proceedings and the grounds for refusing to participate in the proceedings in the event of these circumstances. It also discusses the issue of the defense attorney's impartiality, the concept and types of personal interest, the issue of kinship, and foreign experience on this topic.
Criminal proceedings, defense attorney, judge, prosecutor, investigator, witness, refusal, circumstances that prevent, personal interest, kinship.
FORMATION OF A SYSTEM OF DIGITAL INDICATORS FOR ASSESSING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE TOURISM SERVICES MARKET
This article substantiates the need to develop a system of digital indicators for assessing the efficiency of the tourism services market in the context of digital transformation. The study argues that traditional indicators, such as the number of tourists, tourism revenues, employment and investment volume, are no longer sufficient to reflect the actual performance of tourism services. The proposed approach integrates indicators of digital infrastructure, online sales and booking, digital marketing, customer satisfaction and digital governance into a comprehensive assessment framework. The article also emphasizes the relevance of this framework for Uzbekistan, where tourism flows and digital connectivity are expanding rapidly, while the National Unified Tourism Platform is becoming an institutional basis for data-driven tourism management.
Digital tourism, tourism services market, efficiency assessment, digital indicators, online booking, smart tourism, customer satisfaction, digital reputation, tourism platform, Uzbekistan.
THE CURRENT ACTIVITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSE MUSEUMS IN TASHKENT
This article examines the current activity and development of house museums in Tashkent, highlighting their cultural, historical, and educational significance. It provides a detailed overview of several prominent house museums dedicated to outstanding representatives of Uzbek literature, art, and music, including Gafur Ghulam, Abdulla Qakhkhor, Mukhtar Ashrafi, Ural Tansikbaev, Yunus Rajabi, Tamarakhonim, Oybek, Sergey Yesenin, and Sergey Borodin. The study analyzes the structure of these museums, their collections, memorial sections, and exhibition practices. Special attention is given to the preservation of historical authenticity alongside the introduction of modern museum approaches. The article concludes that house museums in Tashkent play an essential role in preserving cultural heritage, promoting national identity, and adapting to contemporary cultural demands.
House museum, memorial museum, Tashkent museums, cultural heritage, museum studies, Uzbekistan culture, literary museums, art museums, historical preservation, exhibition activity, Gafur Ghulam, Abdulla Qakhkhor, Mukhtar Ashrafi, Ural Tansikbaev, Yunus Rajabi, Tamarakhonim, Oybek, Sergey Yesenin, Sergey Borodin.
THE ROLE AND PLACE OF MUSEUMS IN PERPETUATING THE MEMORY OF THE VICTIMS OF REPRESSION
The article analyzes the activities of museums as important socio-cultural institutions in perpetuating the memory of victims of repression, understanding national history, restoring historical justice in society, and ensuring the continuity of historical memory between generations, their role in preserving, researching, promoting, and conveying historical realities to the general public, and the important tasks of museums in perpetuating the memory of victims of repression.
Despotic regime, repressive policy, victims of repression, national identity, cultural institution, social memory, historical justice, national intelligentsia.
SOCIAL CONSENSUS AND CIVIC SOLIDARITY IN ENSURING PEACE DURING DEMOCRATIC TRANSFORMATION: A SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE UZBEKISTAN EXPERIENCE
This article examines the socio-philosophical significance of social consensus and civic solidarity in ensuring peace and stability during democratic transformation processes. The study explores the theoretical foundations of consensus culture, civic participation, and social cohesion as essential components of sustainable democratic development. Particular attention is given to the experience of Uzbekistan, where large-scale political, economic, and social reforms have necessitated the strengthening of mechanisms that promote public trust, social partnership, and civic engagement. Employing socio-philosophical analysis, comparative methods, and institutional approaches, the research identifies key factors contributing to social stability in transitional societies. The findings indicate that social consensus functions not only as a mechanism for conflict prevention but also as a strategic resource for democratic governance. Civic solidarity, meanwhile, serves as a foundation for strengthening social trust, enhancing public participation, and ensuring peaceful coexistence among diverse social groups. The article concludes that the institutionalization of consensus-based governance and civic solidarity contributes significantly to the sustainability of democratic reforms and the preservation of social peace.
Democratic transformation, social consensus, civic solidarity, peacebuilding, social stability, democracy, civil society, Uzbekistan, social trust, public participation.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPING AN INCLUSIVE MODEL OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP BASED ON FOREIGN EXPERIENCE
This article examines the opportunities for developing an inclusive model of social entrepreneurship based on international experience. The study analyzes the theoretical foundations of inclusive social entrepreneurship and explores successful practices implemented in various countries. Particular attention is devoted to the role of social enterprises in promoting social inclusion, reducing inequality, supporting vulnerable populations, and fostering sustainable community development. The research investigates institutional, legal, economic, and social factors that contribute to the effectiveness of inclusive social entrepreneurship models. Through comparative analysis of international experiences, the study identifies key mechanisms that can be adapted to strengthen inclusive social entrepreneurship in developing economies. The findings demonstrate that inclusive social entrepreneurship serves as an effective instrument for enhancing social cohesion, expanding economic participation, and promoting sustainable development. The article concludes that the integration of international best practices with local socio-economic conditions can significantly improve the effectiveness of social entrepreneurship initiatives.
Social entrepreneurship, inclusive development, social inclusion, social innovation, vulnerable groups, sustainable development, human capital, social policy, community empowerment, international experience.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TERM “HABEAS CORPUS” IN THE HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM
This article examines the significance of the principle and legal concept of Habeas Corpus within the contemporary human rights system. The study analyzes the historical evolution of the Habeas Corpus doctrine, its legal foundations, and its role in protecting individuals against arbitrary detention and unlawful deprivation of liberty. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between Habeas Corpus and the principles of the rule of law, judicial protection, due process, and international human rights standards. The article also evaluates the implementation of Habeas Corpus mechanisms in modern legal systems and their contribution to ensuring justice and safeguarding fundamental freedoms. The findings indicate that Habeas Corpus remains one of the most effective legal instruments for preventing abuses of state power and protecting human dignity.
Habeas Corpus, human rights, rule of law, judicial protection, unlawful detention, personal liberty, due process, constitutional law, legal guarantees, justice.
THE LEGAL FOUNDATIONS AND PRIORITY TASKS OF BUILDING CIVIL SOCIETY
This article analyzes the legal foundations of building civil society, its essence and significance, as well as its role in the development of a democratic state governed by the rule of law. It also examines the legal mechanisms regulating the activities of civil society institutions, issues related to ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens, and the priority tasks for the development of civil society. Particular attention is paid to ensuring the rule of law, strengthening public oversight, increasing the socio-political participation of citizens, and improving cooperation between the state and civil society institutions.
Civil society, rule-of-law state, rule of law, human rights, civil society institutions, public oversight, democratic principles, legal guarantees, civic engagement, cooperation between the state and society.
TURKEY’S SECURITY STRATEGY IN CENTRAL ASIA: GEOPOLITICAL OPPORTUNITIES AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS
This article systematically and scientifically analyzes the role, significance, and limitations of the Central Asian factor in Turkey’s regional security policy. Within the framework of the study, the main directions of security cooperation between Turkey and the Central Asian states, institutional mechanisms, the geopolitical competitive environment, and transnational threats were examined from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. In addition, the cultural-diplomatic, geoeconomic, and military instruments employed by Turkey to strengthen its strategic influence in the region were analyzed. The findings demonstrate that Turkey’s security strategy in the region is being shaped within a competitive environment involving the Central Asian states pursuing multi-vector foreign policies, as well as major geopolitical actors such as Russia and China.
Turkey, Central Asia, geopolitics, regional security, transnational threats, military cooperation, soft power, geoeconomics.
WOMEN SCHOLARS AND THE FORMATION OF ACADEMIC CULTURE, ETHICAL LEADERSHIP, AND SOCIAL PROGRESS
This article explores the role of women scholars in the development of academic culture, ethical leadership, and social progress in contemporary society. Unlike approaches that focus mainly on women’s participation in STEM or technological innovation, this study emphasizes the cultural, pedagogical, ethical, and social dimensions of women’s scientific activity. Women scholars are considered not only as producers of scientific knowledge, but also as mentors, educators, public intellectuals, and agents of social transformation. The article argues that the presence of women in science strengthens academic responsibility, enriches research culture, promotes inclusive education, and contributes to the formation of a more humane and intellectually mature society. The study also highlights the importance of institutional support, mentoring systems, gender-sensitive academic environments, and the public recognition of women’s scientific achievements.
Women scholars, academic culture, ethical leadership, social progress, higher education, mentorship, gender equality, scientific responsibility, inclusive education.